A Phase Separation Model for Transcriptional Control
Open accessAbstract
Phase-separated multi-molecular assemblies provide a general regulatory mechanism to compartmentalize biochemical reactions within cells. We propose that a phase separation model explains established and recently described features of transcriptional control. These features include the formation of super-enhancers, the sensitivity of super-enhancers to perturbation, the transcriptional bursting patterns of enhancers, and the ability of an enhancer to produce simultaneous activation at multiple genes. This model provides a conceptual framework to further explore principles of gene control in mammals.
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Current results strongly suggest that the demixing of enhancer- and promoter-associated proteins results in the assembly of a phase condensate that keeps the enhancer and promoter in spatial proximity.
“Current results strongly suggest that the demixing of enhancer- and promoter-associated proteins results in the assembly of a phase condensate that keeps the enhancer and promoter in spatial proximity [97,98,99].”
From Enhancer Function in the 3D Genome (2023) · cites this paper as [98]
In “Formation of membraneless organelles by phase separation” (page unavailable), the paper hypothesizes that a phase-separated assembly forms at super-enhancers. In “A phase separation model of enhancer assembly and function” (page unavailable), it proposes that the assembly includes factors bound at both enhancers and promoters. It does not establish that such a condensate forms in vivo or keeps enhancers and promoters in spatial proximity, so the claim presents the proposed mechanism more strongly than the source does. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Hnisz, D., Shrinivas, K., Young, R. A., Chakraborty, A. K., & Sharp, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research At MIT (US)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Richard A.
- Chakraborty, Arup K.
- Sharp, Phillip A.
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-23
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5432200
- OpenAlex
- W2603000633
- Cited by
- 1,753
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 133 · 2025: 186 · 2024: 197 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 276 · 2020: 218 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 144 · 2017: 34
- FWCI
- 14.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PMC
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute
- Austrian Science Fund (P01-CA042063, P30-CA14051)
- National Institutes of Health (HG002668, J3490)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Keywords
- phase separation, transcriptional regulation, super-enhancers, enhancers, transcriptional bursting, gene expression regulation, liquid-liquid phase separation, enhancer activation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Eukaryotic Cells, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Models, Biological, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, Transcriptional Activation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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