Dissecting super-enhancer hierarchy based on chromatin interactions
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Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted super-enhancers (SEs) as important regulatory elements for gene expression, but their intrinsic properties remain incompletely characterized. Through an integrative analysis of Hi-C and ChIP-seq data, here we find that a significant fraction of SEs are hierarchically organized, containing both hub and non-hub enhancers. Hub enhancers share similar histone marks with non-hub enhancers, but are distinctly associated with cohesin and CTCF binding sites and disease-associated genetic variants. Genetic ablation of hub enhancers results in profound defects in gene activation and local chromatin landscape. As such, hub enhancers are the major constituents responsible for SE functional and structural organization.
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Facilitators, as described here, may be relatively common elements in multipartite enhancers.
“Review of diverse, albeit incomplete, previous analyses of SEs16,17,19,20,22 suggest that facilitators, as described here, may be relatively common elements in multipartite enhancers.”
From Super-enhancers include classical enhancers and facilitators to fully activate gene expression (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
The Results sections “A subset of SEs contains hierarchical structure” and “Hub enhancers are enriched with cohesin and CTCF binding” report hierarchical super-enhancers in 23% and 34% of two cell-line datasets and describe hub enhancers that facilitate chromatin interactions. This supports the suggestion that facilitating elements occur in a substantial subset of super-enhancers, but the paper does not establish that the citing authors’ ‘facilitators’ are the same elements or that they are common across multipartite enhancers generally. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhen comparing Borzoi, Enformer and a distance-to-TSS baseline on classifying measured positive from negative enhancer-gene interactions, Borzoi has superior AUPRC and AUROC at all distances.
“When comparing Borzoi, Enformer and a distance-to-TSS baseline on their ability to classify measured positive from negative enhancer–gene interactions in data from previous works60–65, we find that Borzoi has superior average precision (AUPRC) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) at all distances (Fig. 4c and Extended Data Fig. 5a).”
From Predicting RNA-seq coverage from DNA sequence as a unifying model of gene regulation (2025) · cites this paper as [64]
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Disruption of Broad Epigenetic Domains in PDAC Cells by HAT Inhibitors
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- Authors
- Huang, J., Li, K., Cai, W., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Orkin, S. H., Xu, J., & Yuan, G.-C.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Children's Medical Center (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Jian
- Yuan, Guo-Cheng
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2018-03-05
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 943-943
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5838163
- OpenAlex
- W2952336494
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 14 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 11.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- American Cancer Society (IRG‐02‐196, 02-196)
- Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RR140025)
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL119099)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG009663)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK093543, R03DK101665, R01DK111430)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
- Keywords
- super-enhancers, chromatin interactions, cohesin, CTCF binding sites, histone modifications, disease-associated variants, gene activation, chromatin landscape
- MeSH terms
- Gene Editing, CCCTC-Binding Factor, Cohesins, Chromatin, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, Disease, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Models, Genetic, Protein Binding, Genetic Variation, Cell Cycle Proteins, K562 Cells, Gene Knockout Techniques, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, CRISPR-Cas Systems
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