The Control of Vocal Pitch in Human Laryngeal Motor Cortex
Open accessAbstract
In speech, the highly flexible modulation of vocal pitch creates intonation patterns that speakers use to convey linguistic meaning. This human ability is unique among primates. Here, we used high-density cortical recordings directly from the human brain to determine the encoding of vocal pitch during natural speech. We found neural populations in bilateral dorsal laryngeal motor cortex (dLMC) that selectively encoded produced pitch but not non-laryngeal articulatory movements. This neural population controlled short pitch accents to express prosodic emphasis on a word in a sentence. Other larynx cortical representations controlling voicing and longer pitch phrase contours were found at separate sites. dLMC sites also encoded vocal pitch during a non-speech singing task. Finally, direct focal stimulation of dLMC evoked laryngeal movements and involuntary vocalization, confirming its causal role in feedforward control. Together, these results reveal the neural basis for the voluntary control of vocal pitch in human speech. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Subsequent work discovered that SMC populations encode articulatory kinematic trajectories and vocal-tract configurations during continuous speech.
“Subsequent work discovered that SMC populations encode articulatory kinematic trajectories and vocal-tract configurations43 during continuous speech24,39,44,45 (Fig. 1; Mugler et al. 2018, Chartier et al. 2018 and Dichter et al. 2018).”
From The speech neuroprosthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
The Results section ('dLMC and vLMC encoding of pitch components') reports that sensorimotor-cortex electrodes encode pitch accent, phrase, and voicing during spoken sentences. But the Methods ('Acoustic analysis') explicitly says the model does not track articulators directly or model their movements, so this paper does not establish encoding of articulatory kinematic trajectories. The citing sentence places a separate citation immediately after 'vocal-tract configurations.' (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDichter et al. defined dorsal and ventral laryngeal cortical representations, with the dorsal one controlling vocal pitch for prosodic intonation in English and lexical tone production in Mandarin.
“Dichter et al.44 defined dorsal and ventral laryngeal cortical representations, with the dorsal one controlling vocal pitch for prosodic intonation in English44 and, interestingly, lexical tone production in Mandarin46.”
From The speech neuroprosthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
Recent studies using direct intracranial recordings have been instrumental to define the functional organization of the SMC and the precise cortical dynamics for speech movements.
“Recent studies using direct intracranial recordings have been instrumental to define a functional organization of the SMC and the precise cortical dynamics for speech movements17,24,43,44 (Fig. 1; Bouchard et al. 2013, Mugler et al. 2018, Chartier et al. 2018 and Dichter et al. 2018).”
From The speech neuroprosthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Dichter, B. K., Breshears, J. D., Leonard, M. K., & Chang, E. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chang, Edward F.
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-31.e9
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6084806
- OpenAlex
- W2809859618
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 16.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (DP2 OD008627)
- NIH BRAIN Initiative (U01 NS098971-01)
- New York Stem Cell Foundation
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- McKnight Foundation
- Shurl and Kay Curci Foundation
- William K. Bowes Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Voice and Speech Disorders
- Keywords
- speech production, pitch accent, voicing, singing, laryngeal movement, feedforward control
- MeSH terms
- Electrocorticography, Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Larynx, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Motor Cortex, Speech, Young Adult
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