Laryngeal Motor Cortex and Control of Speech in Humans
Open accessAbstract
Speech production is one of the most complex and rapid motor behaviors, and it involves a precise coordination of more than 100 laryngeal, orofacial, and respiratory muscles. Yet we lack a complete understanding of laryngeal motor cortical control during production of speech and other voluntary laryngeal behaviors. In recent years, a number of studies have confirmed the laryngeal motor cortical representation in humans and have provided some information about its interactions with other cortical and subcortical regions that are principally involved in vocal motor control of speech production. In this review, the authors discuss the organization of the peripheral and central laryngeal control based on neuroimaging and electrical stimulation studies in humans and neuroanatomical tracing studies in nonhuman primates. It is hypothesized that the location of the laryngeal motor cortex in the primary motor cortex and its direct connections with the brain stem laryngeal motoneurons in humans, as opposed to its location in the premotor cortex with only indirect connections to the laryngeal motoneurons in nonhuman primates, may represent one of the major evolutionary developments in humans toward the ability to speak and vocalize voluntarily.
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The fundamental frequency at which the laryngeal vocal folds resonate during speech forms the basis of pitch and can be estimated from the acoustic waveform.
“Another important acoustic feature is the fundamental frequency at which the laryngeal vocal folds resonate during speech, which forms the basis of pitch and can be estimated from the acoustic waveform, using algorithms that infer the periodicity of a temporal signal28,29 (Fig. 2e).”
From The speech neuroprosthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
The Introduction section “Larynx and its peripheral nervous control” says vibrating vocal folds produce the basic sound wave and that changes in vocal-fold length modulate fundamental frequency. The paper also discusses pitch modulation, but the passages do not explicitly connect fundamental frequency to perceived pitch or describe estimating it from an acoustic waveform using periodicity algorithms. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe rapid articulatory sequences in the mouth and larynx are the fastest motor programs that brains are able to generate.
“The rapid articulatory sequences in the mouth and larynx are the fastest motor programs that brains are able to generate (Simonyan & Horwitz, 2011).”
From Large Language Models and the Reverse Turing Test (2023) · cites this paper as Simonyan & Horwitz, 2011
The Abstract describes speech production as “one of the most complex and rapid motor behaviors,” involving coordinated laryngeal and orofacial muscles. The Introduction likewise describes coordination of those muscles, but the paper does not establish that articulatory sequences are the fastest motor programs brains can generate. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredArea 6v is not required for vocalization.
“this region is not required for vocalization (61)”
From Convergent transcriptional specializations in the brains of humans and song-learning birds (2014) · cites this paper as [61]
Avian RA and human primary motor cortex make more direct contacts with vocal motor neurons than do motor cortex neurons in any other vertebrates tested to date.
“the avian RA and human primary motor cortex make more direct contacts with vocal motor neurons than do motor cortex neurons in any other vertebrates tested to date (6, 61)”
From Convergent transcriptional specializations in the brains of humans and song-learning birds (2014) · cites this paper as [61]
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“Another important acoustic feature is the fundamental frequency at which the laryngeal vocal folds resonate during speech, which forms the basis of pitch and can be estimated from the acoustic waveform, using algorithms that infer the periodicity of a temporal signal 28,29 (Fig.”
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- Authors
- Simonyan, K., & Horwitz, B.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Simonyan, Kristina
- Venue
- The Neuroscientist
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-02-28
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-208
- ISSN
- 1073-8584 (ISSN-L)
- 1089-4098
- PMC
- PMC3077440
- OpenAlex
- W2160698122
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Neuroscientist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R00DC009620, R00DC009629)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Voice and Speech Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Keywords
- speech production, vocal motor control, primary motor cortex, laryngeal motoneurons, brainstem, premotor cortex, neural tracing
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Brain Stem, Humans, Larynx, Models, Biological, Motor Cortex, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Speech, Voice, Muscle, Skeletal
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