Functional organization of human sensorimotor cortex for speech articulation
Open accessAbstract
Speaking is one of the most complex actions that we perform, but nearly all of us learn to do it effortlessly. Production of fluent speech requires the precise, coordinated movement of multiple articulators (for example, the lips, jaw, tongue and larynx) over rapid time scales. Here we used high-resolution, multi-electrode cortical recordings during the production of consonant-vowel syllables to determine the organization of speech sensorimotor cortex in humans. We found speech-articulator representations that are arranged somatotopically on ventral pre- and post-central gyri, and that partially overlap at individual electrodes. These representations were coordinated temporally as sequences during syllable production. Spatial patterns of cortical activity showed an emergent, population-level representation, which was organized by phonetic features. Over tens of milliseconds, the spatial patterns transitioned between distinct representations for different consonants and vowels. These results reveal the dynamic organization of speech sensorimotor cortex during the generation of multi-articulator movements that underlies our ability to speak.
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Animating a facial avatar to accompany synthesized speech is a promising route to naturalistic communication and may be achievable by decoding articulatory and orofacial representations in speech-motor cortex.
“Therefore, animation of a facial avatar to accompany synthesized speech and further embody the user is a promising means towards naturalistic communication, and it may be possible via decoding of articulatory and orofacial representations in the speech-motor cortex22–25.”
From A high-performance neuroprosthesis for speech decoding and avatar control (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
The Abstract and Discussion (page unavailable) report articulator and orofacial representations in ventral sensorimotor cortex during speech, supporting the proposed neural target. The paper does not report decoding those representations to animate a facial avatar or establish that this application is feasible; that remains the citing authors’ proposal. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeural populations in vSMC and midPrCG control millisecond-level movements of vocal-tract articulators that give rise to speech sounds.
“Neural populations in the ventral sensorimotor cortex (vSMC) and the middle precentral gyrus (midPrCG) control the millisecond-level movements of the vocal-tract articulators (lips, tongue, jaw and larynx) that give rise to speech sounds17,18 (Fig. 2a).”
From The speech neuroprosthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
The Abstract and Discussion describe vSMC representations of vocal-tract articulators and their coordination in producing speech sounds. The Timing of Articulator Representations section places articulator movements on a scale of tens of milliseconds. The paper does not identify the middle precentral gyrus (midPrCG) as a separate region controlling those movements; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe high-γ band of the local field potential (70-150 Hz) correlates with neuronal firing rates underneath each ECoG electrode and captures cortical representations of acoustic and articulatory features relevant to speech.
“The high-γ band of the local field potential (70–150 Hz) correlates with neuronal firing rates underneath each ECoG electrode86,87 and captures cortical representations of acoustic and articulatory features relevant to speech17,88,89 (Fig. 1; Crone et al. 1998, 2001).”
From The speech neuroprosthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
The paper’s ‘Phonetic Organization of Spatial Patterns’ section links cortical activity to articulators and vowel states, supporting the articulatory part of the claim. Its ‘vSMC Physiology During Syllable Production’ section also says high-gamma activity correlates with multi-unit firing rates, but specifies 85–175 Hz rather than 70–150 Hz. The cited passages do not establish that this paper found cortical representations of acoustic features; its acoustic analysis describes the recorded speech sounds. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMultiple studies have demonstrated that isolated phonemes can be decoded from neural activity.
“Multiple studies have demonstrated that isolated phonemes can be decoded from neural activity17,106,107,118 (Fig. 1; Mugler et al. 2014 and Herff et al. 2015).”
From The speech neuroprosthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
The ‘Phonetic Organization of Spatial Patterns’ section reports distinct neural activity patterns for consonant articulator groups and for three vowels. However, the Methods describe participants producing consonant–vowel syllables, and the reported analysis clusters neural patterns rather than demonstrating decoding of isolated phonemes. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious work using electrocorticographic grids has suggested that there may be a broader somatotopic organization along precentral gyrus.
“Although previous work using electrocorticographic grids has suggested that there may be a broader somatotopic organization19 along precentral gyrus”
From A high-performance speech neuroprosthesis (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
The Methods (Subjects and Experimental Task; page not provided) describe subdural ECoG arrays, and the Spatial Representation of Articulators section reports a dorsal–ventral somatotopic arrangement. The finding is limited to speech articulators in ventral sensorimotor cortex, including the ventral precentral gyrus; it does not establish a broader organization along the precentral gyrus as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Bouchard et al. first demonstrated the dynamics of somatotopic speech-articulator representations in the SMC for the jaw, lips, tongue and larynx during speech production of syllables.
“Bouchard et al.17 first demonstrated the dynamics of somatotopic speech-articulator representations in the SMC for the jaw, lips, tongue and larynx during speech production of syllables (Fig. 1; Bouchard et al. 2013).”
From The speech neuroprosthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
Recent studies using direct intracranial recordings have been instrumental to define the functional organization of the SMC and the precise cortical dynamics for speech movements.
“Recent studies using direct intracranial recordings have been instrumental to define a functional organization of the SMC and the precise cortical dynamics for speech movements17,24,43,44 (Fig. 1; Bouchard et al. 2013, Mugler et al. 2018, Chartier et al. 2018 and Dichter et al. 2018).”
From The speech neuroprosthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
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Self-citationClassification of Articulator Movements and Movement Direction from Sensorimotor Cortex Activity
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- Authors
- Bouchard, K. E., Mesgarani, N., Johnson, K., & Chang, E. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chang, Edward F.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2013-02-20
- Volume
- 495
- Issue
- 7441
- Pages
- 327-332
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC3606666
- OpenAlex
- W2138672527
- Cited by
- 686
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 25.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2013-05-01)
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DP2-OD00862, 1dp2od008627-01, 5r00ns065120-04)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC012379)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (L30 NS060463, R00-NS065120)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- speech articulation, sensorimotor cortex, somatotopic representation, phonetic features, consonant-vowel syllables, population coding, ventral premotor cortex, speech production
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Phonetics, Speech, Time Factors, Principal Component Analysis, Electromagnetic Phenomena, Feedback, Sensory
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