Cited by 50Concrete and Cement Materials ResearchConcrete Corrosion and DurabilityConcrete Properties and Behavior

Semi-dry natural carbonation at different relative humidities: Degree of carbonation and reaction kinetics of calcium hydrates in cement paste

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Saeki, Naohiko, Kurihara, Ryo, Ohkubo, Takahiro, Teramoto, Atsushi, Suda, Yuya, Kitagaki, Ryoma, Maruyama, Ippei·2025·Cement and Concrete Research

Abstract

Ground hydrated cement pastes were carbonated at different relative humidities (RH) under atmospheric CO2 concentrations to determine the effect of RH on the degree of carbonation (DoC) and reaction rates. The carbonation kinetics of each calcium-containing hydrate exhibited an initial rapid chemical-reaction-limited stage, followed by a significantly slower phase. DoC values plateaued after 200 days of carbonation, reaching 78% at 95% RH and 34% at 33% RH, aligning with EN 16757 values for sheltered outdoor and indoor environments, respectively. When the samples reached a stable DoC at a given RH, further carbonation occurred upon exposure to higher RH, implying that the DoC was governed by the highest RH to which the samples had been exposed. The phase assemblage was also affected, approaching thermodynamic equilibrium at higher RH but deviating at lower RH due to the formation of local equilibria and the presence of meta-stable phases.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107777

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135 of 135 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • This migration behavior of calcium has been previously observed by Saeki et al. via analysis of elemental maps obtained using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for OPC carbonated at 95% relative humidity and natural CO2 levels (~450-470 ppm) for 60 days.

    “This migration behavior of calcium has been previously observed by Saeki et al. via analysis of elemental maps obtained using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for OPC carbonated at 95% relative humidity and natural CO2 levels (~450–470 ppm) for 60 days73.”
  • Calcium migration is thought to be enhanced in wet conditions (i.e., saturated pores) and at ambient CO2 levels, where CO2 diffusion through the pores is relatively slow compared with the rate of outward migration of calcium.

    “Calcium migration is thought to be enhanced in wet conditions (i.e., saturated pores) and at ambient CO2 levels, where CO2 diffusion through the pores is relatively slow compared with the rate of outward migration of calcium73.”

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Authors
Saeki, N., Kurihara, R., Ohkubo, T., Teramoto, A., Suda, Y., Kitagaki, R., & Maruyama, I.
Affiliations
  • The University of Tokyo (JP)
  • Chiba University (JP)
  • Hiroshima University (JP)
  • University of the Ryukyus (JP)
  • Hokkaido University (JP)
  • Nagoya University (JP)
Corresponding author
Maruyama, Ippei
Venue
Cement and Concrete Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2025-03
Volume
189
Pages
107777
ISSN
0008-8846 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4405887411
Cited by
48
References
137
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 18
FWCI
8.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cement and Concrete Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (JPNP21023)
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (24KJ0825, 23H00203)
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London
  • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (24UT0002)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete Corrosion and Durability
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete Properties and Behavior
Keywords
relative humidity, carbonation kinetics, cement paste, calcium silicate hydrate, calcium hydroxide, metastable phases, phase assemblage, pore solution, CO2 concentration

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