Associations of early social media initiation on digital behaviors and the moderating role of limiting use
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Little is known about the effects of social media initiation on digital behaviors from middle childhood to early adolescence, a critical developmental period marked by peer influence and inaugural access to mobile devices. Participants from middle schools in the Northeast U.S. (N=773; 11-15 years, Mean = 12.6) completed a cross-sectional survey about social media initiation, digital behaviors, and parental restrictions on digital use. Descriptive results demonstrated that overall early adolescents more frequently engaged in positive digital behaviors compared to negative ones. Results from structural equation models showed that initiating social media platforms, namely Instagram or Snapchat, in later childhood (10 years or younger) was significantly associated with problematic digital behavior outcomes compared to either tween (11-12) and/or teen (13+) initiation, including having online friends or joining social media sites parents would disapprove of, more problematic digital technology behaviors, more unsympathetic online behaviors, and greater likelihood of online harassment and sexual harassment victimization. Additionally, there is evidence to show that childhood initiators demonstrated a greater tendency to engage in supportive or civically-engaged online community behaviors compared to older initiator counterparts. Parental restriction of mobile phone use and a less frequent checking of social media ameliorated some of the negative effects.
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Use of social media before age 11 is related to greater problematic digital media behaviors.
“Use of social media before age 11 is related to greater problematic digital media behaviors153”
From Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report (2026) · cites this paper as [153]
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“This finding builds on prior literature linking early social media initiation with unhealthy and compulsive online behavior in later adolescence (Charmaraman et al., 2022).”
Social Media Influenced Lexicons: A Child’s Vocabulary Production in Talk-In Interactions
Aharul, J. A. (2023) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.22.4.29 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parenting and Screens During Middle Childhood
Bickham, D. S., Cingel, D. P., Nathanson, A. I., Rose, C. A., Johnson, C. R., & Scharrer, E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69362-5_54 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Social media and adolescent mental health
Charmaraman, L., Delcourt, C. G., Ben-Joseph, E. P., & Smucker, R. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00171-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDeSouza, L. M., Charmaraman, L., Vargas, E., & Hall, G. S. (2022) · Journal of Youth Development · doi:10.5195/jyd.2022.1173 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Method Procedure As part of an ongoing longitudinal study of the social contexts and behavioral consequences of adolescent social technology use (Charmaraman et al., 2022; Charmaraman et al., 2020; Charmaraman et al., 2021), middle schools in the Northeastern United States were recruited in 2019…”
BackgroundSelf-citationChangning, R., Ghazali, A. H. A., & Kamarudin, S. (2024) · Studies in Media and Communication · doi:10.11114/smc.v13i1.7186 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…of the daily lives of users (Rahbarqazi & Nourbakhsh, 2023), and increasingly expanding its use within social media, providing more social uses (Charmaraman et al., 2022), but in the choice of social media, users will choose different social media according to different social needs, so social…”
BackgroundSocial Media Use and Experiences of Cybervictimization: Links to Six Domains of Youth Well-Being
Gath, M. E., Monk, L., Gawn, J., Scott, A., & Gillon, G. T. (2026) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1177/20556365261421831 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…media initiation (use of social media platforms such as Instagram or Snapchat in children 10 years or younger) was significantly associated with problematic digital behavior outcomes, such as increased likelihood of online harassment and sexual harassment victimization (Charmaraman et al., 2022).”
Fong, T. C. T., Choi, E. P. H., Fong, D., Kung, M. C., Lam, M. W. C., Lee, A. M., Wong, W. C. W., Lam, T., & YIP, P. S. F. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100574 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ZAGADNIENIE ASYMILACJI NADMIARU INFORMACJI PRZEZ MŁODZIEŻ ŚWIATA PONOWOCZESNEGO
Rarot, H., & CZAJKOWSKI, K. (2023) · Scientific bulletin of KRHPA · doi:10.32782/2410-2075-2023-16.1
Montúfar-Calle, Á., Feijóo, B., Díaz-Campo, J., & Palomino-Moreno, H. (2025) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0426-5_37
Assertiveness, Emotional Intelligence, and Technology: Opportunities During Preschool Years
de la Cabada, M. L., Díaz, M. E. D., Sánchez, M. E. D. R. G., Ortiz, M. N. O., & Villanos, M. T. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83662-280-220251010
Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Customer Service: A Review
Gondane, J. B., & Kewate, M. N. (2025) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology · doi:10.48175/ijarsct-27006
Stricter monitoring of tween and teen internet use may not always be better
Charmaraman, L., Hernandez, J. M., & Ben-Joseph, E. P. (2024) · doi:10.64628/aai.yfqkjms99
Self-citationFamily as a Producer of Moral and Social Capital
Javaid, O. (2025) · Entrepreneurship and development in South Asia · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8134-1_6
Promoting Well-being in Girls through Social Media and Digital Health
Charmaraman, L., Bacaj, C., & Durrani, S. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2025.08.002
Self-citationThe Contribution of Digital Ecosystems to Adolescent Well-Being
Hernandez, J. M., Charmaraman, L., & Schueller, S. M. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-343-720251010
Self-citationAquino-Blanco, A., Quiroz-Cárdenas, F., Montenegro-Espinosa, J. A., Martín‐Calvo, N., Yáñez-Sepúlveda, R., Gutiérrez‐Espinoza, H., Arancibia, J. E. O., Rahmati, M., Stubbs, B., Smith, L., et al. (2025) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-025-02180-8
Heijne, J., Ungruh, R., & Pera, M. S. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12717-4_5
Anastacio-Coello, L., Palomino-Moreno, H., & Atarama-Rojas, T. R. (2026) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09911-2_26
Montúfar-Calle, Á., Feijoo, B., Díaz-Campo, J., & Palomino-Moreno, H. (2026) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1080/08961530.2026.2620094
Screens and Digital Media: Supporting Families From Infancy Through Adulthood
Radesky, J. S. (2026) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610028493-ch29
Scaramuzzo, P. (2026) · International journal of LGBTQ+ youth studies. · doi:10.1080/29968992.2026.2657861
Schneider, J., Craddock, N., & Paraskeva, N. (2026) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102102
- Authors
- Charmaraman, L., Lynch, A. D., Richer, A. M., & Grossman, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Wellesley College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Charmaraman, Linda
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 127
- Pages
- 107053
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8562676
- OpenAlex
- W3205121858
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10
- FWCI
- 10.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 260 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NICHD (1R15HD094281-01)
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- early adolescence, middle childhood, digital behavior, problematic online behavior, online harassment, online community engagement, parental restriction, mobile phone use, Instagram, Snapchat, peer influence
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