Application of a comprehensive extraction technique for the determination of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Great Lakes Region sediments
Open accessAbstract
A comprehensive method to extract perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAPs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs) and perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs) from sediment and analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and applied to sediment cores from three small isolated lakes (Plastic Lake, Lake 442, Lake Tettegouche) and Lake Ontario in the Great Lakes Region. Recoveries of the target compounds using the optimized acetonitrile/sodium hydroxide extraction ranged from 73% to 120%. The greatest concentrations of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) were recorded in sediment from Lake Ontario (ΣPFASs 13.1 ng/g), where perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) contributed over 80% of the total. Concentrations in Lake Ontario were approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than the more remote lakes subject to primarily atmospheric inputs. Whilst the PFAS contribution in Lake Ontario was dominated by PFOS, the more remote lakes contained sediment with higher proportions of PFCAs. Trace amounts of emerging PFASs (diPAPs and PFPiAs) were found in very recent surface Lake Ontario and remote lake sediments.
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DiPAPs have been previously detected in indoor dust, sediment, and benthic organisms, and are known to transform to PFCAs in the environment.
“They have been previously detected in indoor dust, 100 sediment, 101-103 and benthic organisms, 104 and are known to transform to PFCAs 105 in the environment.”
From Storms mobilize organophosphate esters, bisphenols, PFASs, and vehicle-derived contaminants to San Francisco Bay watersheds (2024) · cites this paper as [101]
Several studies have investigated original PFAS and alternative substances in soil and sediment samples collected from non-firefighting training sites.
“Several studies have investigated original PFAS [61] and alternative substances [62,63] in soil and sediment samples collected from nonfirefighting training sites.”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
PFAS levels in core sediment samples from the Great Lakes region of North America in 2006 and 2009 were higher in the top layers than the deeper layers.
“PFAS levels were measured in core sediment samples collected from the Great Lakes region of North America in 2006 and 2009, and were also higher in the top layers [28] than the deeper layers [63].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Guo, R., Megson, D., Myers, A. L., Helm, P. A., Marvin, C., Crozier, P., Mabury, S., Bhavsar, S. P., Tomy, G., Simcik, M., McCarry, B., & Reiner, E. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (CA)
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada (CA)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Megson, David
- ORCID
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 164
- Pages
- 535-546
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2516355060
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- e-space.mmu.ac.uk
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition program
- Great Lakes Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, sediment core, Lake Ontario, Great Lakes, PFOS, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, emerging PFASs
- MeSH terms
- Carboxylic Acids, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Great Lakes Region, Ontario, Organophosphates, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Geologic Sediments, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Lakes
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