Decline in Perfluorooctanesulfonate and Other Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in American Red Cross Adult Blood Donors, 2000−2006
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In 2000, 3M Company, the primary global manufacturer, announced a phase-out of perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (POSF, C8F17SO2F)-based materials after perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS, C8F17SO3-) was reported in human populations and wildlife. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PFOS and other polyfluoroalkyl concentrations in plasma samples, collected in 2006 from six American Red Cross adult blood donor centers, have declined compared to nonpaired serum samples from the same locations in 2000-2001. For each location, 100 samples were obtained evenly distributed by age (20-69 years) and sex. Analytes measured, using tandem mass spectrometry, were PFOS, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate (Me-PFOSA-AcOH), and N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate (Et-PFOSA-AcOH). The geometric mean plasma concentrations were for PFOS 14.5 ng/mL (95% CI 13.9-15.2), PFOA 3.4 ng/ mL (95% CI 3.3-3.6), and PFHxS 1.5 ng/mL (95% CI 1.4-1.6). The majority of PFBS, Me-PFOSA-AcOH, and Et-PFOSA-AcOH concentrations were less than the lower limit of quantitation. Age- and sex-adjusted geometric means were lower in 2006 (approximately 60% for PFOS, 25% for PFOA, and 30% for PFHxS) than those in 2000-2001. The declines for PFOS and PFHxS are consistent with their serum elimination half-lives and the time since the phase-out of POSF-based materials. The shorter serum elimination half-life for PFOA and its smaller percentage decline than PFOS suggests PFOA concentrations measured in the general population are unlikely to be solely attributed to POSF-based materials. Direct and indirect exposure sources of PFOA could include historic and ongoing electrochemical cell fluorination (ECF) of PFOA, telomer production of PFOA, fluorotelomer-based precursors, and other fluoropoly-mer production.
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Production of PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA has declined in the US since the early 2000s following a phase-out of POSF-related chemicals by 3M and subsequent stewardship plans by US EPA, and this has resulted in declines in blood serum concentrations of these three PFASs in Americans.
“Production of PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA has declined in the US since the early 2000s following a phase-out of POSF-related chemicals by 3M and subsequent stewardship plans by US EPA, and this has resulted in declines in blood serum concentrations of these three PFASs in Americans (Calafat et al., 2007;Olsen et al., 2008).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Olsen et al., 2008
In 2000, the major US manufacturer of PFOS, 3M, announced it would cease production of C6, C8 and C10 PASF-based products and completed the phase-out in 2002.
“In 2000 the major manufacturer of PFOS in the US (3M) announced they would cease the production of C6, C8 and C10 perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride (PASF)based products and completed the phase out in 2002 [59].”
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- Authors
- Olsen, G. W., Mair, D. C., Church, T. R., Ellefson, M. E., Reagen, W. K., Boyd, T. M., Herron, R. M., Medhdizadehkashi, Z., Nobiletti, J. B., Rios, J. A., Butenhoff, J. L., & Zobel, L. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Olsen, Geary W.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2008-05-21
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 4989-4995
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2081746168
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 25.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Synthesis and properties of polymers
- Keywords
- PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFHxS, perfluorobutanesulfonate, PFOSA, plasma concentration, blood donors, temporal trends
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Caprylates, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sulfonic Acids, United States, Linear Models, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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