Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores
Open accessAbstract
Vector-borne diseases are medically important in humans and animals but were long considered tropical and known to first affect production animals. This is no longer true and we can see today that they are common in domestic animals and that they are also present in temperate countries, especially in Europe. In recent years, an increase in the diagnosis of vector borne diseases among humans and animals has been observed, which may partly due to the development of diagnostic tools. Their study requires exchanges and collaborations between the many actors involved, especially since the epidemiology seems to be constantly evolving. The veterinary practitioner is the first one to notice the emergence of cases and to implement prevention measures. He also acts as a sentinel to alert epidemiologists. Many factors can explain the epidemiological changes, i.e. all human factors, such as the increase in commercial transportation, but also owners traveling with their pet during the holidays, the development of "outdoor" activities, the increase of individual housings with gardens; to these human factors must be added the ignorance of the risks, linked to animals in general and to wildlife in particular; then the environmental changes: forest fragmentation, establishment of parks; the increase of wild mammal populations (deer, carnivores, rodents, etc.); finally, climate changes. Climate change is a reality which may explain the increase of density of arthropod vectors, but also of their hosts, changes in periods of activity and variations in geographical distribution. The authors show the proof of the climate modifications and then explain how it has an impact in Europe on ticks, mosquitoes, sandflies and even fleas. They conclude on the practical consequences for veterinary practitioners, especially with the diagnosis of parasitic diseases or diseases in areas where they usually do not occur. However, not any epidemiological modification should be linked to climate change, since many other factors are involved and often even overriding.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that climate change is a real driver of changing vector-borne disease epidemiology in Europe, affecting ticks, mosquitoes, sandflies, and fleas of domestic carnivores. It concludes that climate change should not be invoked for every epidemiological change because other human and environmental factors are often overriding.
Key findings
- Global warming accelerated over the last hundred years, with an average gain of 0.74°C in 100 years; effects are not uniform and include shorter, less severe winters in Western and Northern Europe.
- For ticks, the climatic zone favorable for *Rhipicephalus sanguineus* reproduction expanded by 669% since the 1960s in Europe, and the species can now survive/develop in Southwest France up to Nantes and Southeast France up to Lyon; *Dermacentor reticulatus* is present in 2/3 of French territory and in Slovakia gained 200 km north since the 1970s and 300 m in altitude.
- For *Ixodes ricinus*, Swiss studies showed altitudinal limits increasing from 620 to 1070 m in some mountain ranges, and Lindgren found in Sweden some areas had 40 fewer days below −12°C and 20 more days above −7°C in winter.
- For mosquitoes and sandflies, *Dirofilaria immitis* development requires temperatures above 14°C and 130 heartworm development units; using 5475 weather stations and 19 million temperature values over 15 years, heartworm disease can now be maintained beyond the Mediterranean, while *Aedes albopictus* is present in about 1/3 of southern French territory up to Lyon. Flea impacts are difficult to assess, though year-round conditions of >25°C and >85% RH in Florida and Queensland may explain continued heavy cat flea infestations.
Methods
- Review/synthesis of published literature, meteorological models, field studies, and ECDC distribution maps; no primary sample or new data collection is described.
- Main analysis is a qualitative synthesis of climate-change impacts on ticks, mosquitoes, sandflies, and fleas, with cited quantitative examples from models and field studies.
- The paper draws on studies including a meteorological model applied to Europe since 1960, field studies on tick activity and distribution, and a heartworm transmission analysis using 5475 weather stations and 19 million temperature values.
Limitations
- Stated: the authors caution that not every epidemiological modification should be linked to climate change, since many other factors are involved and often overriding, and climate changes are currently still limited with co-existing human-induced factors.
- Stated: for sandflies, it is difficult to distinguish an effect of climate over human actions; for fleas, the impact of climate change is very difficult to assess because the life cycle can occur throughout the year, including indoors.
- Evident: as a review, no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quantitative meta-analysis is reported; conclusions rely on cited models and field studies.
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Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 29 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Premisecitation
Introduced Siberian chipmunks contribute to the maintenance or increasing risk for humans of Lyme disease in the Melun-Sénart forest near Paris.
“A recent study thus shows their role in the maintenance, or even in the increasing risk for humans, of Lyme disease in the Melun-Sénart forest in the suburbs of Paris [8].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
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- Premisecitation
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, endemic in Mediterranean regions, can now survive and develop in Southwest France up to Nantes and in Southeast France up to Lyon.
“The use of a meteorological model [13] and biological data regarding the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, applied to Europe since 1960, clearly indicates that this tick species, endemic in Mediterranean regions, can now survive and develop in the Southwest of France up to Nantes and in the Southeast of France up to Lyon [14] (Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The impact of climate change in Europe is most pronounced among ticks and probably their hosts.
“The impact of climate change in Europe is most pronounced among ticks and probably their hosts [12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12]
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- Interpretationreasoning
Shorter winters have a direct impact on the ecology of ticks in continental Europe.
“These studies conducted in continental Europe have shown that shorter winters have a direct impact on the ecology of ticks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Changes in activity of the three main tick vectors in Europe are associated with an increase in activity and thus in the risk of transmitting pathogenic agents.
“Thus, by observing the activity of the three main tick vectors encountered in Europe over relatively short periods of time, changes are noted.They are all associated with an increase in activity and thus in the risk of transmitting pathogenic agents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Premisecitation
Ixodes ricinus maintained questing activity for hosts during the entire winter period in Berlin forests when they were dormant in previous years.
“Using larva, nymph and adult ticks identified and put in plots in forest, he demonstrated that they maintained their activity of questing for hosts during the entire winter period when they were dormant in the previous years.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] source
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- Premisecitation
Heartworm disease is more commonly diagnosed in the Balkans, South of Hungary and also South of Russia.
“In fact, heartworm disease is more commonly diagnosed in the Balkans, South of Hungary and also South of Russia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationnone given
Climate change may be reflected by an increase in the number of days of activity per year.
“Climate change may be reflected by an increase in the number of days of activity per year.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The climatic zone favorable for reproduction of Rhipicephalus sanguineus has expanded by 669% since the 1960s in Europe.
“Moreover, the climatic zone favorable for their reproduction has expanded by 669% since the 1960s in Europe [14].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] source
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- Premisecitation
Increased winter temperatures are associated with extension of the area of presence of ticks in altitude in the Alps around Neuchâtel, with limits increasing from 620 to 1070 m in some mountain ranges.
“The Swiss team of Lise Gern showed that same impact of increased winter temperatures on the distribution of ticks in the Alps around Neuchâtel, and especially the extension of the area of presence in altitude, with limits increasing from 620 to 1070 m in some mountain ranges [22].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] source
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- Interpretationcitation
The leishmaniosis risk area in France is no longer confined to the Côte d'Azur or to the Languedoc-Roussillon.
“If we consider today the distribution of Phlebotomus perniciosus in France, it is clear that the leishmaniosis risk area is no longer confined to the Côte d'Azur or to the Languedoc-Roussillon [28] (Fig. 7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28]
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- Premisecitation
The decrease of winter days with temperature below a certain cut-off is a key factor in the increased density of Ixodes ticks and their questing activity during winter.
“The decrease of winter days with temperature below a certain cut-off was identified by several authors as a key factor in the increased density of ticks of the genus Ixodes as well as their questing activity during winter period [21][22][23].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21][22][23]
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- Interpretationreasoning
Heartworm disease can now be maintained beyond the Mediterranean region, based only on the biology of vectors and parasites and the evolution of temperatures.
“Thus, it seems that heartworm disease can now be maintained beyond the Mediterranean region, based only on the biology of vectors and parasites and the evolution of temperatures (Fig. 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- The authors state this as an assumption: The heartworm transmission model assumes a requirement of 130 heartworm development units (HDUs) for larvae to reach infectivity and a maximum life expectancy of 30 days for a vector mosquito.
- Interpretationcitation
Not any epidemiological modification should be linked to climate change, since many other factors are involved and often even overriding.
“However, not any epidemiological modification should be linked to climate change, since many other factors are involved and often even overriding [31,32].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [31] source
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- cites [32]
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- May combine two claims. 16
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
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PremisecitationVector-borne diseases are medically important in humans and animals, were long considered tropical and to first affect production animals, but are now common in domestic animals and present in temperate countries, especially Europe.
“Vector-borne diseases are medically important in humans and animals but were long considered tropical and known to first affect production animals.This is no longer true and we can see today that they are common in domestic animals and that they are also present in temperate countries, especially in Europe.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“They are medically important in humans and animals but were long considered tropical and known to first affect production animals.This is no longer true and we can see today that they are common in domestic animals and that they are also present in temperate countries, especially in Europe [1].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] source
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- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMost vector-borne diseases, including bacterial and viral, are zoonotic.
“Their interest and importance are increased by the fact that most vector-borne diseases, including bacterial and viral, are zoonotic diseases [2].”
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PremisecitationGlobal warming has accelerated over the last hundred years with an average gain of 0.74°C in 100 years.
“Global warming has accelerated over the last hundred years (Fig. 1) with an average gain of 0.74 • C in 100 years [11].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] source
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Interpretationnone givenThe development of diagnostic tools and easier access to them may play a role in the increased diagnosis of vector-borne diseases.
“The development of the diagnostic tools and the easiness to have access to them may also play a role in the increased diagnosed of vector borne diseases.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenClimate change may explain the increase of density of arthropod vectors, but also of their hosts, changes in periods of activity and variations in geographical distribution.
“Climate change is a reality which may explain the increase of density of arthropod vectors, but also of their hosts, changes in periods of activity and variations in geographical distribution.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
“Climate change may explain the increase of density of arthropod vectors, but also of their hosts, changes in periods of activity and variations in geographical distribution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn recent years, an increase in the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases among humans and animals has been observed in the United States and Europe.
“Especially in recent years, an increase in the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases among humans and animals has been observed in the Unites States and in Europe [3,4].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMany factors help explain epidemiological changes of vector-borne diseases, including human factors, environmental changes, increase of wild mammal populations, and climate changes.
“Many factors help to explain the epidemiological changes, they were summarized in 2005 by Harrus and Baneth [7]:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] source
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Interpretationnone givenClimate changes can have a direct impact on the survival and development of arthropod vectors, which is well demonstrated among ticks but also in some mosquitoes.
“These changes can have a direct impact on the survival and development of arthropod vectors, which today is well demonstrated among ticks but also in some mosquitoes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe veterinary practitioner is the first to notice the emergence of cases and to implement prevention measures, and acts as a sentinel to alert epidemiologists.
“The veterinary practitioner is the first one to notice the emergence of cases and to implement prevention measures.He also acts as a sentinel to alert epidemiologists [6].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe epidemiology of vector-borne diseases seems to be constantly evolving.
“especially since the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases seems to be constantly evolving [5].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] source
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PremisecitationClimate changes are no longer being debated; only the mechanisms responsible for them are a matter of controversy.
“Climate changes are no longer being debated, only the mechanisms responsible for them are a matter of controversy [9,10].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [9]
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- cites [10] source
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PremisecitationIn Slovakia, the limited area of presence of Dermacentor reticulatus gained 200 km north since the 1970s and 300 m in altitude.
“In Slovakia, field studies showed that its limited area of presence had gained 200 km north since the 1970s, as well as 300 m in altitude [19].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] source
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May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenAedes albopictus is a competent host for Dirofilaria immitis, with rapid development to infective L3, and is a more aggressive and diurnal vector than autochthonous Culex mosquitoes.
“This mosquito is a competent host for D. immitis, with a rapid development to infective L3.However, it is also a more aggressive and diurnal vector than our autochthonous mosquitoes (Culex spp.).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe presence of Aedes albopictus may accelerate the geographical spread of heartworm disease, which is already the case in Italy, and could rapidly change the epidemiology of this parasitic disease in the South of France where it is only sporadic at the moment.
“Its presence may accelerate the geographical spread of heartworm disease, which is already the case in Italy, and, thus, could rapidly change the epidemiology of this parasitic disease in the South of France where it is only sporadic at the moment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe presence and density of Ixodes ricinus are related to plant cover and to the density of its hosts (micromammals for larvae and nymphs, large mammals for adult ticks).
“Regarding Ixodes ricinus, the forest tick, the most common among hard ticks in Europe, its presence and density are obviously related to the plant cover, but also to the density of its hosts: micromammals for larvae and nymphs and large mammals (deer, wild boar, foxes and even bovine and dogs) for adult ticks [20].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] source
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PremisecitationDermacentor reticulatus is present in two-thirds of the French territory and is spreading to the East, favoring milder winters.
“Dermacentor reticulatus, the tick vector of canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis, is present in 2/3 of the French territory [15].It is clearly spreading to the East, favoring milder winters (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationClimate changes resulting in humidity and optimal temperatures (temperature >25°C; humidity >85% RH) throughout the year were reported in Florida and Queensland, and some authors suggested this may explain continued heavy infestations of the cat flea observed by owners and veterinarians in recent years.
“Climate changes resulting in humidity and optimal temperatures (temperature >25 • C; humidity >85% RH) throughout the year were reported in Florida (USA) and Queensland (Australia) and some authors suggested that this may explain the continued heavy infestations of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), observed by owners and veterinarians these past few years [30].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningVector-borne diseases affect all production and companion animals or wildlife, and possibly humans, and the factors that preside over their emergence or epidemiological modifications are often numerous.
“It should therefore be kept in mind that vector-borne diseases affect all production and companion animals or wildlife, and possibly humans, and that the factors that preside over their emergence or over the epidemiological modifications are often numerous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningVeterinary practice may be more and more concerned with the diagnosis of parasitic diseases or diseases in areas where they usually do not occur, or with more frequent diagnosis.
“The consequences on human and animal health have been extensively researched but, from now on, veterinary practice may be more and more concerned, especially with the diagnosis of parasitic diseases or diseases in areas where they usually do not occur, or with more frequent diagnosis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningClimate change was not the cause of the epizootic spread of ovine catarrhal fever or Schmallenberg disease; their vectors are indigenous Culicoides midges competent for exotic pathogenic agents newly introduced through human activities.
“And yet, climate change was not the cause in both of these examples of emerging vector-borne diseases.The vectors are indigenous Culicoides midges, competent for exotic pathogenic agents newly introduced through human activities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
The heartworm transmission model assumes a requirement of 130 heartworm development units (HDUs) for larvae to reach infectivity and a maximum life expectancy of 30 days for a vector mosquito.
“The seasonal HW transmission model originally formulated by Slocombe et al. (1989) in Canada and reevaluated by Lok and Knight (1998) in the United States assumes a requirement of 130 HDUs for larvae to reach infectivity and a maximum life expectancy of 30 days for a vector mosquito (in [24]).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The risk of transmission of pathogenic agents by mosquitoes is linked to vector competence, meteorological conditions enabling the pathogen's extrinsic cycle during vector activity and vectors being active and abundant, and the presence of the pathogen and at least one reservoir.
“The risk of transmission of pathogenic agents by mosquitoes is not linked to their mere presence but to: 1. Vector competence (ability to complete the cycle of the pathogenic agent within the vector, followed by transmission); 2. Meteorological conditions enabling: a.The pathogen to complete its extrinsic cycle during the vector's period of activity; b.The vectors to be active and abundant enough”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Climate is a substantial factor for the survival and spread of arthropod vectors and subsequently for the distribution of CVBDs.
“Climate is a substantial factor considering the survival and spread of arthropod vectors and subsequently the distribution of CVBDs [9].”
From Prevalence and risk factors for selected canine vector-borne diseases in Greece (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Figure 4 is described as two different subjects
MinorThe text points to Figure 4 for European temperature changes used in the heartworm analysis, but the Figure 4 caption identifies it as a map of Ixodes ricinus distribution.
“The authors then observed climate changes that have occurred in Europe over the past 15 years, on 5475 weather stations and integrated over 19 million temperature values (Fig. 4).”
“Fig. 4. Distribution of Ixodes ricinus, the forest tick.”
Figure 1 source details match reference 8, not cited reference 9
MinorFigure 1 cites reference 9 while giving PLoS ONE volume, issue and article details that appear under reference 8. Reference 9 is a different publication.
“Fig. 1.Exponential increase of global temperature since 1860 [9].Source: Reservoir Rodents.PLoS ONE; www.plosone.org,2013, 8(1), e55377.”
“8. Marsot M, Chapuis JL, Gasqui P, Dozie A, Masse S, Pisanu B, Ferquel E, Vourc'h G. Introduced Siberian Chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus bar- beri) Contribute More to Lyme Borreliosis Risk than Native Reservoir Rodents. PLoS One 2013;8(1):e55377, www.plosone.org.”
ECDC map source is cited as an unrelated reference
MinorThe map caption attributes its source to the European Center for Disease Control and cites reference 28, but reference 28 is a chapter by Ready on canine leishmaniosis.
“Source: European Center for Disease Control (www.ecdc.europa.eu),September 2012[28].”
“28. Ready P. Canine leishmaniosis. In: Beugnet F, editor. Guide to Vector Borne Diseases of Pets. France: Merial; 2013. p. 252-65 (ISBN 978- 2-915758-40-5).”
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Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases
El-Sayed, A., & Kamel, M. S. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08896-w · Cited by 444 · see citing works
“The emerging zoonosis represents a great challenge of public health due to the exponential increase of babesiosis worldwide facilitated by the geographic expansion of ticks induced by global warming (Beugnet and Chalvet-Monfray 2013, Florin).”
BackgroundEffect of climate change on vector-borne disease risk in the UK
Medlock, J. M., & Leach, S. A. (2015) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(15)70091-5 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
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“While fleas are considered a vector of Bartonella henselae (the causative agent of cat scratch disease) tickborne diseases are reported as increasing as ticks expand their ranges [131,132].”
BackgroundTicks and Tick-Borne Infections: Complex Ecology, Agents, and Host Interactions
Wikel, S. K. (2018) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci5020060 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“which is partially due to the changing geographic ranges of tick vectors that are occurring, in part, as a result of climate change [91].”
BackgroundHernando‐Amado, S., Coque, T. M., Baquero, F., & Martínez, J. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01914 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Agricultural land-uses consistently exacerbate infectious disease risks in Southeast Asia
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Antibiotic resistance genes in bioaerosols: Emerging, non-ignorable and pernicious pollutants
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Prevalence and risk factors for selected canine vector-borne diseases in Greece
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Canine and Feline Parasitology: Analogies, Differences, and Relevance for Human Health
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Pathogenic Landscape of Transboundary Zoonotic Diseases in the Mexico–US Border Along the Rio Grande
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“Beyond knowing the specific situation in the Eastern transboundary region between Mexico and the US, further work needs to extend outside of this zone, as it might influence this region.”
BackgroundInfluentialClimate Change Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaption Measures for Egypt’s Nile Delta
Abutaleb, K., Mohammed, A. H., & Ahmed, M. H. M. (2018) · Earth Systems and Environment · doi:10.1007/s41748-018-0047-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Climate change could significantly affect parasitic diseases transferred via intermediate hosts (Beugnet and Chalvet-Monfray 2013).”
BackgroundDwużnik-Szarek, D., Mierzejewska, E. J., Rodo, A., Goździk, K., Behnke‐Borowczyk, J., Kiewra, D., Kartawik, N., & Bajer, A. (2021) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04758-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Veterinary practitioners (VP) are the first to notice the emergence of cases and to implement prevention measures for tick-borne diseases [38].”
BackgroundVector-borne nematode diseases in pets and humans in the Mediterranean Basin: An update
Tahir, D., Davoust, B., & Parola, P. (2019) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2019.1630-1643 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“of growing medical and veterinary importance [3,5].”
Beugnet, F., & MOREAU, Y. (2015) · Scientific and Technical Review (World Organisation for Animal Health) · doi:10.20506/rst.34.2.2385 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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“Therefore, global warming is nowadays considered as a major factor potentially nurturing the dispersal and spread of pathogens transmitted by vectors (1, 21, 22).”
BackgroundMierzejewska, E. J., Welc-Faleciak, R., Karbowiak, G., Kowalec, M., Behnke, J. M., & Bajer, A. (2015) · Experimental and Applied Acarology · doi:10.1007/s10493-015-9889-0 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…years, several authors have suggested an association between the expansion and an increasing numbers of suitable hosts, especially red deer, elk or wild boar (Sréter et al. 2005; Dautel et al. 2006; Nijhof et al. 2007; Karbowiak 2009, 2014; Cochez et al. 2012; Beugnet and Chalvet-Monfray 2013).”
BackgroundBeugnet, F., Halos, L., Larsen, D. L., Labuschagné, M., Erasmus, H., & Fourie, J. (2014) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-283 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The Dermacentor reticulatus strain is maintained on dogs and derived from wild ticks collected in Europe.”
InfluentialSelf-citationDíaz-Regañón, D., Roura, X., Suárez, M. L., León, M., & Sainz, Á. (2020) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04172-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“The distribution ranges of these agents are increasing worldwide and their epidemiology seems to be constantly evolving due to factors such as climate change, movement of companion animals travelling with their owners, the development of outdoor activities, and environmental changes including the creation of recreatio…”
New paradigms in the prevention of canine vector-borne diseases
Otranto, D., Mendoza‐Roldan, J. A., Beugnet, F., Baneth, G., & Dantas‐Torres, F. (2024) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2024.04.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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“D license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). expanding in Europe as a result of climate changes and increasing movements of people travelling abroad with their pets (Beugnet and Chalvet-Monfray, 2013; DantasTorres et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDumont, P., Blair, J., Fourie, J., Chester, T. S., & Larsen, D. L. (2014) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.017 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Greenspaces and Health: Scoping Review of studies in Europe
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“Several studies in this review highlighted activity of disease vectors in parks and urban greenspaces [79, 80] including increased activity associated with climate change [6, 81].”
BackgroundHalos, L., Lebon, W., Chalvet‐Monfray, K., Larsen, D. L., & Beugnet, F. (2014) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-452 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The geographic distribution of the tick species is expanding in Europe [3] as a result of climate changes or increasing movements of people travelling abroad with their pets [4] and it represents a major threat for human and animal health.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe effect of changes in agricultural practices on the density of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks
Mierzejewska, E. J., Alsarraf, M., Behnke, J. M., & Bajer, A. (2015) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.023 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dumont, P., Fankhauser, B., Bouhsira, É., Liénard, E., Jacquiet, P., Beugnet, F., & Franc, M. (2015) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0683-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This is related to several factors, including climate and social changes [3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationColombo, M., Morelli, S., Simonato, G., Di Cesare, A., Veronesi, F., Frangipane di Regalbono, A., Grassi, L., Russi, I., Tiscar, P. G., Morganti, G., et al. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10050507 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“For instance, global warming has the potential to alter the spatial-temporal distribution of CVBDs and to influence the life cycle, reproduction rates, and survival of vectors, thus triggering the occurrence and abundance of the pathogens they transmit in given areas in larger territories and for longer seasons [20,21…”
BackgroundDumont, P., Chester, T. S., Gale, B., Soll, M. D., Fourie, J., & Beugnet, F. (2015) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0681-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The distribution of this tick species has been expanding in both range and period of activity, possibly due to climate change [5-7].”
Self-citationKloch, A., Mierzejewska, E. J., Karbowiak, G., Slivinska, K., Alsarraf, M., Rodo, A., Kowalec, M., Dwużnik-Szarek, D., Didyk, Y. M., & Bajer, A. (2017) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.020 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Diversity, ecology, and seasonality of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in eastern Croatia
Krčmar, S. (2019) · Journal of Vector Ecology · doi:10.1111/jvec.12325 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
New Borrelia species detected in ixodid ticks in Oromia, Ethiopia
Kumsa, B. E., Socolovschi, C., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2015) · Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.03.009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Arthropod Vectors of Medical Importance
Bérenger, J.-M., & Parola, P. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00012-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Iliev, P. T., Kirkova, Z. T., & Tonev, A. S. (2020) · Helminthologia · doi:10.2478/helm-2020-0016 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Those diseases are usually endemic in tropics and subtropics, but an increasing prevalence has also been recognized in temperate regions (Dantas-Torres, 2008; Beugnet & Chalvet-Monfray, 2013).”
BackgroundSaïd, Y., Lahmar, S., Dhibi, M., Rjeibi, M. R., Jdidi, M., & Gharbi, M. (2020) · Parasitology International · doi:10.1016/j.parint.2020.102275 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
New records of bacteria in different species of fleas from France and Spain
Zurita, A., Benkacimi, L., Karkouri, K. E., Cutillas, C., Parola, P., & Laroche, M. (2021) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101648 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Natural Essential Oils Mixture on Tick Infestation in Dogs
Amer, A. M., & Amer, M. H. (2020) · Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.4.398.407 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“I. ricinus has a wide range of time activity during the year (Beugnet and Chalvet-Monfray, 2013; Dantas-Torres and Otranto, 2013; Estrada-Peña et al., 2013).”
Acute-phase response in Babesia canis and Dirofilaria immitis co-infections in dogs
Milanović, Z., Božović, A. I., Andrić, J. F., Radonjić, V., Beletić, A. D., & Filipović, M. K. (2017) · Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.07.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Higa, L. D. O. S., Csordas, B. G., Garcia, M. V., Oshiro, L. M., Duarte, P. O., Barros, J. C., & Andreotti, R. (2020) · Experimental and Applied Acarology · doi:10.1007/s10493-020-00513-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Immunopathology and Immunomodulation
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Simultaneous Exposure to Angiostrongylus vasorum and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs from Italy
Morelli, S., Gori, F., Colombo, M., Traversa, D., Sarrocco, G., Simonato, G., Nespeca, C., Di Cesare, A., Frangipane di Regalbono, A., Veronesi, F., et al. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10091200 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Thwack of Worldwide Weather Transformation on Vector and Vector-Borne Parasitic Infections
(2017) · ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.20431/2455-2518.0302001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Arriving from Italy to France via Nice, it is now present in approximately 1/3 of the southern French territory, up to Lyon [10].”
BackgroundBeugnet, F., Halos, L., Liebenberg, J. E., & Fourie, J. (2016) · Parasite · doi:10.1051/parasite/2016002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“ricinus is expanding in range and period of activity during the year, possibly as a result of climate change [3, 6, 14].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSystems Biology-Based Platforms to Accelerate Research of Emerging Infectious Diseases
Oh, S. J., Choi, Y. K., & Shin, O. S. (2018) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2018.59.2.176 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“A warmer climate can provide a more favorable environment for the survival and completion of the vector life cycle.(27) In particular, the mosquito population has been widely established across Europe, as well as tropical regions, such as Africa and South Asia.”
BackgroundMonitoring of Hard Ticks at Urban Recreational Sites in the City of Zagreb from 2016 to 2018
Vucelja, M., Vilibić‐Čavlek, T., Margaletić, J., Peleš, V., Juričić, K., Modrić, M., Borak, S., Krčmar, S., Klobučar, A., Boljfetić, M., et al. (2020) · Infektološki glasnik · doi:10.37797/ig.39.2.1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Khanmohammadi, M., Emameh, R. Z., Arshadi, M., Razmjou, E., & Karimi, P. (2021) · Journal of arthropod-borne diseases · doi:10.18502/jad.v15i1.6489 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Navarro, C., Reymond, N., Crastes, N., & Bonneau, S. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/9498604 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This is actually the case in the south of France where fleas, ticks, and Phlebotomus perniciosus are endemic [20–23].”
BackgroundTick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations in cattle along Geba River basin in Guinea-Bissau
Zúquete, S., Coelho, J., Rosa, F., Vaz, Y., Cassamá, B., Padre, L., Santos, D., Basto, A. P., & Leitão, A. (2016) · Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.10.013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Papadopoulos, E., Angelou, A., Diakou, Α., Halos, L., & Beugnet, F. (2016) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.12.005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationThe path to Net Zero carbon emissions for veterinary practice
Watson, J. A., Klupiec, C., Bindloss, J., & Morin, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1240765 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Testing consistency of modelled predictions of the impact of climate change on bats
McGowan, N. E., Roche, N., Aughney, T., Flanagan, J., Nolan, P. J., Marnell, F., & Reid, N. (2021) · Climate Change Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.ecochg.2021.100011 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Climate change is also predicted to affect disease epizootiology and the impact of pathogens on population dynamics [61-63] .”
Sullivan, K. E., Bassiri, H., Bousfiha, A. A., Costa‐Carvalho, B. T., Freeman, A. F., Hagin, D., Lau, Y., Lionakis, M. S., Moreira, I., Pinto, J. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-017-0426-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“fleas, temperatures over 25 °C with relative humidity of over 85% are optimal for their proliferation and activity throughout the year [4, 8, 9].”
BackgroundIxodid ticks in the Western Ukraine
Levytska, V. A., & Mushynskyi, А. B. (2020) · Науковий вісник Львівського національного університету ветеринарної медицини та біотехнологій імені С.З. Ґжицького · doi:10.32718/nvlvet9730 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“В умовах швидкого розширення ареалу пасовищного кліща D. reticulatus та масштабів трансмісивних хвороб в багатьох європейських країнах останніми роками кілька авторів висловили припущення, що це пов’язано із розширенням та збільшенням кількості відповідних видів тварин, які можуть бути живителями…”
Migliore, S., Gargano, V., Maria, C. D., Gambino, D., Gentile, A., Badaco, V. V., Schirò, G., Mira, F., Galluzzo, P., Vicari, D., et al. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10122444 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Climate changes and anthropogenic factors have influenced the distribution of Canine vector-borne pathogens worldwide during recent decades [12].”
BackgroundFirst serological evidence of infections with selected vector-borne pathogens in dogs in Kosovo
Sinani, A., Aliu, H., Latifi, F., Haziri, I., Xhekaj, B., Kampen, H., & Sherifi, K. (2020) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-020-06894-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in veterinary diagnostics
Broome, H. A. O. (2024) · Companion animal · doi:10.12968/coan.2024.29.sup6.15 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ghodrati, S., Nica, A., CEREGRZYN, M., Adaszek, Ł., Doležal, J., D’Amico, G., & Modrý, D. (2025) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-025-06852-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Merino, O., Badillo-Moreno, V., Loredo‐Osti, J., Barrios-García, H., & la Fuente, V. C.-D. (2020) · Abanico veterinario · doi:10.21929/abavet2021.29 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sidhoum, N. R., Boucheikhchoukh, M., Mechouk, N., & Deak, G. (2023) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ghodrati, S., Lesiczka, P. M., Žůrek, L., Szekely, F., & Modrý, D. (2024) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
COVID-19 impact on air quality and associated elements:knowledge data of the Emirate of Ajman − UAE
Kaied, Y. O., Darwish, A. S., & Farrell, P. (2021) · Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1051/rees/2021010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Aharonson-Raz, K., Steinman, A., Kavkovsky, A., Bumbarov, V., Berlin, D., Lichter-Peled, A., Berke, O., & Klement, E. (2015) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.12424 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
GEORGAKOPOULOU, V. E., Taskou, C., Sarantaki, A., Spandidos, D. A., Gourounti, K., Chaniotis, D. I., & Beloukas, A. I. (2025) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2025.12924 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Alberigi, B., Labarthe, N., Cardoso, F. D. O., Cunha, C. M., de Carvalho, C. A., Mendes-de-Almeida, F., & de Souza, C. D. S. F. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine/Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária · doi:10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm103719 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Papadopoulos, E., Angelou, A., Madder, M., Lebon, W., & Beugnet, F. (2020) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100026 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Besides endemic areas, recent surveys have demonstrated a gradual spread to what were previously considered non-endemic areas (Grammicia, 2011; Beugnet and Chalvet-Monfray, 2013; Maia and Cardoso, 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSullivan, K. E., Bassiri, H., Bousfiha, A. A., Costa‐Carvalho, B. T., Freeman, A. F., Hagin, D., Lau, Y., Lionakis, M. S., Moreira, I., Pinto, J. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-017-0436-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For some ticks and fleas, temperatures over 25°C with relative humidity of over 85% are optimal for their proliferation and activity throughout the year [4, 8, 9] .”
BackgroundCurrent distribution of selected vector-borne diseases in domestic dogs from Bucharest, Romania
Sandu, I., Cristea, C. D., Ionică, A. M., & Deak, G. (2025) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.70415 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This has made the spread of CVBD a growing concern across continental Europe, particularly in Eastern and Northern regions.”
InfluentialVector-borne pathogens in dogs from the Republic of Kosovo
Xhekaj, B., Kniha, E., Wiesmüller, L., Hoxha, I., Eigner, B., Stefanovska, J., Cvetkovikj, A., Sherifi, K., & Fuehrer, H. (2025) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-025-06777-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In recent decades, globalization (e.g., commercial transportation, tourism, and dog travel), along with climate and environmental changes, has promoted the growth of vector populations, the shift in CVBD distribution across Europe, and their introduction to previously nonendemic areas [7].”
Quantifying the Impact of Rainfall Categories on Dengue Occurrence: A Multi-Site Analysis in IndiaPreprint
Barik, P., & Goswami, P. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0239.v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Alternative approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance a silent pandemic outbreak concerns
Tesema, M. Y. (2025) · Discover Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44337-025-00439-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Human Vector-Borne Transmissible Parasitic Diseases in Montenegro
Andrić, B., Andric, A., & Golubović, M. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/61534 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Agent’s adaptability coverage and expan‐ sion cover the spectrum of natural hosts and vectors [24] thanks to their easy and quick transition from enzootic to zoonotic transmission cycles.”
BackgroundKowalczewska, M., N’Djatchi, A., Nappez, C., Alwassouf, S., Decloquement, P., Armstrong, N., Karkouri, K. E., Edouard, S., & Raoult, D. (2018) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2018.06.004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“However, climate changes, as well, as human activities, modified geographical distribution of tick-borne diseases [11,12].”
BackgroundRhipicephalus sanguineus ticks: a new vector from the continent to the UK?
Beugnet, F. (2017) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.j566 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular characterization of Hepatozoon spp. in cats living in Germany and other European countries
Geisen, V., Pantchev, N., Zablotski, Y., Vrhovec, M. G., Hartmann, K., Bergmann, M., Moré, G., & Basso, W. (2025) · Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2025.102583 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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“In addition to suitable habitat, the presence and density of Ixodes species are closely related to the density of small mammals for larvae and nymphs and large mammals for adults (Beugnet and Chalvet-Monfray, 2013).”
Reply to Bastien et al: Figure 1.
Hamad, I., Forestier, C.-L., Greub, G., Jaton, K., Raoult, D., & Bittar, F. (2015) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv130 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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“Key climatic variables, temperature, precipitation, and humidity, affect both vector biology and the dynamics of the pathogens they carry [18].”
Global perspectives on primary immune deficiency diseases
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“This, of course, will change gradually, as parasites and other life forms move toward the poles, increasingly more temperate, complicating the epidemiological landscape.(132) In addition to changes related to global warming, there can be infections that erupt abruptly, as evidenced by the SARS and MERS coronaviruses,…”
Credelio® Plus: a novel oral endectocide for dogs
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«Nunca hazañas de escuderos se escribieron». Porfía e imitación entre Cervantes y Espinel
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Mosquitoes and the Risk of Pathogen Transmission in Europe
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Seasonal activity of ixodid ticks in Podilskyi region
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“Про вплив кліматичних змін на різноманіття фауни кліщів в Європі свідчить підвищена щільність і здатність кліщів поширюватися на нові території протягом останніх двох десятиліть (Beugnet & Chalvet-Monfray, 2013).”
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- Authors
- Beugnet, F., & Chalvet-Monfray, K.
- Corresponding author
- Beugnet, F.
- ORCID
- Beugnet, F.
- Venue
- Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 559-566
- ISSN
- 0147-9571 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2038395162
- Semantic Scholar
- d90810e632cf681df62e2eea42f02b2ff9a9eabe
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 0.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Vector-Borne Animal Diseases
- Keywords
- climate change, vector-borne diseases, domestic carnivores, ticks, mosquitoes, sand flies, fleas, arthropod vectors, wildlife reservoirs, domestic animals, veterinary practice, disease surveillance, environmental change, Europe
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Diseases, Animals, Domestic, Carnivora, Communicable Diseases, Disease Vectors, Europe, Siphonaptera, Humans, Culicidae, Psychodidae, Ticks, Climate Change
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