Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by probiotic mixture is mediated by a shift in T helper cell immune response
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effect of probiotics has been shown mainly in gastro-intestinal immune disorders and little information is available on the inflammation of central nervous system. Recently we reported that IRT5 probiotics, a mixture of 5 probiotics, could suppress diverse experimental inflammatory disorders. In this study, we evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of IRT5 probiotics in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T cell mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Pretreatment of IRT5 probiotics before disease induction significantly suppressed EAE development. In addition, treatment with IRT5 probiotics to the ongoing EAE delayed the disease onset. Administration of IRT5 probiotics inhibited the pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 polarization, while inducing IL10(+) producing or/and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, both in the peripheral immune system and at the site of inflammation. Collectively, our data suggest that IRT5 probiotics could be applicable to modulate T cell mediated neuronal autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Animal studies suggest that probiotics can modulate endogenous neuroactive molecules, prevent and treat neuronal autoimmune diseases, and ameliorate impaired spatial memory in diabetic rats.
“Animal studies suggest that probiotics can modulate endogenous neuroactive molecules [17], prevent and treat neuronal autoimmune diseases [18], and ameliorate impaired spatial memory in diabetic rats [19].”
From Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Supplementation of a cocktail of five probiotics (IRT5) before or after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis onset in rodents is associated with delay of disease onset or suppression of disease progression, respectively.
“The supplementation of a cocktail of five probiotics (IRT5) before or after the EAE onset in rodents is associated with the delay of the disease onset or suppression of the disease progression, respectively (154).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [154]
Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis upon probiotic treatment was associated with a higher abundance of Treg cells, higher production of IL-10 by CD4+ T cells, B cells, and CD11c+ cells, together with suppression of the pro-inflammatory Th-1/Th-17 response.
“The amelioration of the disease upon probiotic treatment was associated with a higher abundance of Treg cells, higher production of IL-10 by CD4+ T cells, B cells, and CD11c+ cells, together with the suppression of the pro-inflammatory Th-1/Th-17 response (154).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [154]
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Combined therapies to treat complex diseases: The role of the gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis
Calvo‐Barreiro, L., Eixarch, H., Montalbán, X., & Espejo, C. (2017) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.019 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Regarding multispecies probiotics, Kwon and collaborators described the beneficial effects of a five-strain probiotic composed of the genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium [24].”
BackgroundInfluentialMicrobiome in Multiple Sclerosis: Where Are We, What We Know and Do Not Know
Boziki, M. K., Kesidou, E., Theotokis, P., Mentis, A. A., Karafoulidou, E., Melnikov, M., Sviridova, A. A., Rogovskii, V., Boyко, A., & Grigoriadis, N. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10040234 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Conversely, the administration of Lactobacilli has been repeatedly shown to protect form EAE by the induction of IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β1, and IL-27 [45,46] by mediating an increase in IL-10+ and Foxp3+ T regulatory cells [47–49].”
BackgroundCutting Edge: Probiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Immunomodulation
Zeng, W., Shen, J., Bo, T., Peng, L., Xu, H., Nasser, M. I., Zhuang, Q., & Zhao, M. (2019) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2019/1603758 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Additionally, the levels of IL-6, TNF-β, IL-1β, and IL-17 also decreased in colon tissue [48].”
BackgroundInfluentialBacterial Metabolites: A Link between Gut Microbiota and Dermatological Diseases
Stec, A., Sikora, M., Maciejewska, M., Paralusz-Stec, K., Michalska, M. N., Sikorska, E., & Rudnicka, L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043494 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The Promising Role of Probiotics in Managing the Altered Gut in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Abdellatif, B., McVeigh, C., Bendriss, G., & Châari, A. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21114159 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
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Gut Microbiota as Regulators of Th17/Treg Balance in Patients With Myasthenia Gravis
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Gut-Microbiota, and Multiple Sclerosis: Background, Evidence, and Perspectives
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Focus on the gut-brain axis: Multiple sclerosis, the intestinal barrier and the microbiome
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van den Hoogen, W., Laman, J. D., & Hart, B. A. ‘. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01081 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“When given after EAE immunization, this cocktail delays disease onset but cannot halt disease progression (57).”
BackgroundThe Lactobacillus as a Probiotic: Focusing on Liver Diseases
Jeong, J., Park, H., Cha, M. G., Park, E., Won, S., Ganesan, R., Gupta, H., Gebru, Y. A., Sharma, S. P., Lee, S. B., et al. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10020288 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Treatment with IRT5 before disease induction significantly inhibited the occurrence of EAE, and treatment with IRT5 for ongoing EAE delayed disease onset [47].”
ResultAn overview of advanced technologies for selection of probiotics and their expediency: A review
Yadav, R., & Shukla, P. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1108957 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Further, a recent study suggested that IRT5 probiotics (a mixture of 5 probiotics) could suppress various inflammatory disorders, including encephalomyelitis, a T-cell mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (Kwon et al., 2013).”
BackgroundGut Microbiota in Neurological Disorders
Grochowska, M., Laskus, T., & Radkowski, M. (2019) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-019-00561-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Multibiome: The Intestinal Ecosystem's Influence on Immune Homeostasis, Health, and Disease
Filyk, H. A., & Osborne, L. C. (2016) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Conversely, probiotic mixtures of regulatory T cell-promoting bacteria can dampen neuroinflammation and EAE symptoms (Kwon et al., 2013).”
BackgroundProbiotics in valorization of innate immunity across various animal models
Patel, S. V., Shukla, R., & Goyal, A. (2015) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.022 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mohammadi, G., Dargahi, L., Peymani, A., Mirzanejad, Y., Alizadeh, S. A., Naserpour, T., & Nassiri‐Asl, M. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2018.1487346 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Use of Vitamins and Dietary Supplements by Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Evans, E. M., Piccio, L. M., & Cross, A. H. (2018) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0611 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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“Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) showed a signi fi cantly reduced PA level, whereas PA treatment signi fi cantly enlarges gut-associated Treg cell population and subsequently reduces systemic immune reaction, leading to disease amelioration in an animal model of MS 42 – 44 .”
Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions
Kiousi, D. E., Karapetsas, A., Karolidou, K., Panayiotidis, M. I., Pappa, A., & Galanis, Α. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040788 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Several studies conducted on murine MS models showed that administration of monospecies [106, 107], mixtures [108,109], heat-killed strains [110], or genetically modified probiotics [111] provoke specific immunomodulatory effects.”
BackgroundTraina, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00345 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Vitamin D regulates NO, which is believed to be an anti-bacterial molecule, produced by MCs. Finally, factors that reduce CRF stabilize activation of MCs (Larauche, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluence of the Gut Microbiome on Autoimmunity in the Central Nervous System
Colpitts, S. L., & Kasper, L. H. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601438 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Immunoregulatory effect of mast cells influenced by microbes in neurodegenerative diseases
Girolamo, F., Coppola, C., & Ribatti, D. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.017 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mardani, F., Mahmoudi, M., Esmaeili, S., Khorasani, S., Tabasi, N. S., & Rastin, M. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.26819 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“In the EAE mice model, treatment with probiotics diminished the response of Th17–Th1 cells through reduction of IL‐17 and IFN‐γ (Salehipour et al., 2017; Kwon et al., 2013).”
MethodDargahi, N., Matsoukas, J., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10020126 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“An insufficient or imbalanced GIT microflora can also lead to dysfunctions in the gut–brain axis and the pathogenesis of a number of diseases inside the GIT (such as inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) and outside the GIT (such as the CNS).”
BackgroundInfluentialGut microbiota and probiotics: Novel immune system modulators in myasthenia gravis?
Rinaldi, E., Consonni, A., Guidesi, E., Elli, M., Mantegazza, R., & Baggi, F. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13567 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Disease modifying nutricals” for multiple sclerosis
Schmitz, K., Barthelmes, J., Stolz, L., Beyer, S., Diehl, O., & Tegeder, I. (2014) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.015 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Louzada, E. R., & Ribeiro, S. M. L. (2018) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2018.1477349 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Role of the intestinal microbiome in autoimmune diseases and its use in treatments
Marietta, E. V., Horwath, I. E., Balakrishnan, B., & Taneja, V. (2018) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Qi, X., Zhang, Z., Jin, Z., Wang, G., & Ling, F. (2023) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108693 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Li, N., Han, X., Ruan, M., Huang, F., Liu, Y., Xu, T., Wang, H., Wu, H., Shi, S., Wang, Y., et al. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2402547 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“14 Clearing the gut microbiota with antibiotics or altering it with probiotics alleviates EAE symptoms by inducing protective Foxp3+ Treg cells, 15,16 suggesting modulation of the gut microbiota may provide a novel management strategy for EAE and MS. Inulin is a naturally occurring polysaccharide…”
BackgroundVenkataratnamma, V., Begum, P. S., Madhavi, G., Rajagopal, S., Viswanath, B., & Razak, M. (2017) · International journal of Nutrition Pharmacology Neurological Diseases · doi:10.4103/ijnpnd.ijnpnd_90_16 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“[103] One of the neurological evaluations conducted in 1-year-old children using Hammersmith infant neurological examination demonstrated a statistically noteworthy higher occurrence of suboptimal scores in the control group than in the probiotic al studies Reference Desbonnet et al.[87] , sensorimotor, Hsiao et al.[8…”
BackgroundInfluentialJiang, J., Chu, C., Wu, C., Wang, C., Zhang, C., Li, T., Zhai, Q., Yu, L., Tian, F., & Chen, W. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo03203d · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Microbial modulation of the gut microbiome for treating autoimmune diseases
Balakrishnan, B., & Taneja, V. (2018) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2018.1517044 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Breaking down the gut microbiome composition in multiple sclerosis
Budhram, A., Parvathy, S., Kremenchutzky, M., & Silverman, M. (2017) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516682105 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kim, J., Chae, C.-S., Kim, G.-C., Hwang, W., Hwang, J., Hwang, S., Kim, Y., Ahn, Y., Park, S., Jun, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ertürk-Hasdemir, D., Ochoa‐Repáraz, J., Kasper, D. L., & Kasper, L. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.662807 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Calvo‐Barreiro, L., Eixarch, H., Alonso, M. P., Castillo, M., Lebrón‐Galán, R., Mestre, L., Guaza, C., Clemente, D., del Campo, R., Montalbán, X., et al. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9040906 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hashemi, B., Abdollahi, M., Abbaspour‐Aghdam, S., Hazrati, A., Malekpour, K., Meshgi, S., Kafil, H. S., Ghazi, F., Yousefi, M., Roshangar, L., et al. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114195 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Feeding the gut microbiome: impact on multiple sclerosis
Bronzini, M., Maglione, A., Rosso, R., Matta, M., Masuzzo, F., Rolla, S., & Clerico, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176016 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Dynamics of the Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis in Relation to Disease
Mowry, E. M., & Glenn, J. D. (2017) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2017.08.008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Consonni, A., Cordiglieri, C., Rinaldi, E., Marolda, R., Ravanelli, I., Guidesi, E., Elli, M., Mantegazza, R., & Baggi, F. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.25170 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“com probiotic treatments have been successfully investigated in several experimental models of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes [43], rheumatoid arthritis [44], EAMG [45], and EAE [46, 47].”
BackgroundMicrobial treatment: the potential application for Parkinson’s disease
Fang, X. (2018) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-018-3641-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Swartwout, B. K., & Luo, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02840 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“bifidum, Streptococcus thermophiles) by balancing Treg to the effector Th1 and Th17 cells (88).”
BackgroundGut microbiome-mediated mechanisms in aging-related diseases: are probiotics ready for prime time?
Ren, J., Li, H., Zeng, G., Pang, B., Wang, Q., & Wei, J.-P. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1178596 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Studies have reported that oral Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus reuteni delay the progression of multiple sclerosis by increasing the number of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) and IL-10 Treg cells and reducing pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 polarization in the peripheral immune system and inflamma…”
BackgroundBlais, L. L., Montgomery, T. L., Amiel, E., Deming, P. B., & Krementsov, D. N. (2021) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1943289 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“IRT5 Kwon et al.(69) Animal EAE Proph &”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAmelioration of Autoimmune Diabetes of NOD Mice by Immunomodulating Probiotics
Kim, T. K., Lee, J.-C., Im, S., & Lee, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01832 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“has been shown to be effective against several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders (20, 21), we administered 5 × 108 cfu IRT5 to female NOD mice by oral gavage six times a week for 36 weeks beginning at 4 weeks of age and monitored blood glucose level.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMestre, L., Carrillo-Salinas, F. J., Mecha, M., Feliú, A., & Guaza, C. (2018) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.037 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Targeting gut microbiota: new therapeutic opportunities in multiple sclerosis
Kujawa, D., Łaczmański, Ł., Budrewicz, S. P., Pokryszko‐Dragan, A., & Podbielska, M. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2274126 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“53,54 There are also reports demonstrating that the combination of two probiotic strains – Bifidobacterium animalis with Lactobacillus plantarum 55 or Enterococcus faecium with Prevotella histicola 56 – ameliorated neuroinflammation in the EAE model.”
MethodGutiérrez-Franco, A., Costa, C., Eixarch, H., Castillo, M., Medina-Rodriguez, E. M., Bribián, A., de Castro, F., Montalbán, X., & Espejo, C. (2015) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2015.12.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Microbiome, Immunomodulation, and the Neuronal System
Marietta, E. V., Horwath, I. E., & Taneja, V. (2018) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0601-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mestre, L., Carrillo-Salinas, F. J., Feliú, A., Mecha, M., Alonso, G., Espejo, C., Calvo‐Barreiro, L., Luque-Garcia, J. L., Estévez, H., Villar, L. M., et al. (2020) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1813532 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Jeffery, N. D., Barker, A. K., Alcott, C. J., Levine, J. M., Meren, I. L., Wengert, J. A., Jergens, A. E., & Suchodolski, J. S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170589 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Libbey, J. E., Sanchez, J. M. S., Doty, D. J., Sim, J. T., Cusick, M. F., Cox, J. E., Fischer, K. F., Round, J. L., & Fujinami, R. S. (2018) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2017.0116 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Oral supplementation with Lactobacillus has been previously shown to ameliorate EAE in a strain-specific manner associated with increases in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in the serum (Kwon et al., 2013; Lavasani et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultKumar, N., Sahoo, N. K., Mehan, S., & verma, B. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104547 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Rahimlou, M., Nematollahi, S., Husain, D., Banaei-Jahromi, N., Majdinasab, N., & Hosseini, S. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.901846 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“In fact, probiotic supplementation has been shown to significantly increase the differentiation of native T cells to the Th2 which improve production and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-4 (Lavasani et al., 2010; Kwon et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCalabrò, S., Kankowski, S., Cescon, M., Gambarotta, G., Raimondo, S., Haastert‐Talini, K., & Ronchi, G. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098061 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, the validity of the rationale of using microbiota-targeting interventions to restore immune homeostasis through correction of the Th17/Treg imbalance has been proven in a number of autoimmune diseases, including not only MG [172–174], but also irritable bowel syndrome [175] and autoimmune encephalomyelitis…”
BackgroundAskari, G., Ghavami, A., Shahdadian, F., & Moravejolahkami, A. R. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.015 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Immunoregulatory Effects of Tolerogenic Probiotics in Multiple Sclerosis
Atabati, H., Yazdanpanah, E., Mortazavi, H., Bajestani, S. G., Raoofi, A., Esmaeili, S., Khaledi, A., Saburi, E., Afshari, J. T., Sathyapalan, T., et al. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55035-6_6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Alcohol and multiple sclerosis: an immune system-based review.
Fahim, M., Zadeh, A. R., Shoureshi, P., Ghadimi, K., Cheshmavar, M., Sheikhinia, N., & Afzali, M. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Papel de la microbiota intestinal en el desarrollo de la esclerosis múltiple
Castillo-Álvarez, F., & Marzo-Sola, M. E. (2015) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2015.07.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Uceda, S., Echeverry‐Alzate, V., Reiriz, M., Miguel, E. M., Pérez-Curiel, A., Gómez-Senent, S., & Beltrán-Velasco, A. I. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241713294 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kwon, H.-K., Kim, G.-C., Kim, Y., Hwang, W., Jash, A., Sahoo, A., Kim, J.-E., Nam, J. H., & Im, S.-H.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Chonnam National University (KR)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Im, Sin-Hyeog
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 217-227
- ISSN
- 1521-6616 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2078792455
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation (2011-0028529)
- Systems Biology Infrastructure Establishment Grant
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, probiotics, T helper cell polarization, Th1/Th17 cells, regulatory T cells, Foxp3, IL-10, immunomodulation, multiple sclerosis, neuroinflammation, T cell-mediated autoimmunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Peptide Fragments, Spinal Cord, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Probiotics, Mice, Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
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