The effects of caffeine supplementation on blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background and aims Hypertension is a serious complication linked to a higher risk for organs. Caffeine is a natural component that affects the cardiovascular system, while the mechanisms of its effects are not fully established. Therefore, we aimed to examine the impact of caffeine supplementation on blood pressure (BP) by conducting a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs).Methods and results We searched online databases using relevant keywords up to July 2022 to identify RCTs using caffeine on systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in adults. Inclusion criteria were adult participants ≥18 years old for subjects, examining the effect of caffeine supplementation on BP, and RCTs studies. A random-effects model was used to estimate the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence (CI). The pooled of 11 effect sizes analysis of 8 studies demonstrated significant increases in SBP (WMD:1.94 mmHg; 95%CI:0.52, 3.35; p = 0.007) and DBP (WMD:1.66 mmHg; 95% CI:0.75, 2.57; p = 0.000) after caffeine supplementation. The subgroup analysis showed that caffeine supplementation more effectively increased SBP and DBP in males than females. Moreover, meta-regression analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between the dose of caffeine intake and changes in SBP (p = 0.000), DBP (p = 0.000), and duration of the trial in SBP (p = 0.005), and DBP (p = 0.001). The non-linear dose-response analysis detected the dosage of supplementation >400 mg/day is effective for increasing DBP (p = 0.034), and the duration of supplementation of more than nine weeks makes increasing in both SBP and DBP.Conclusion This meta-analysis shows that caffeine supplementation significantly increased SBP and DBP in adults.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · see citing works
GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.ad · Cited by 23,305 · see citing works
Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias
Begg, C. B., & Mazumdar, M. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533446 · Cited by 16,955 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007 · Cited by 12,156 · see citing works
Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample
Hozo, S. P., Djulbegovic, B., & Hozo, I. (2005) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-5-13 · Cited by 9,062 · see citing works
A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure
Appel, L. J., Moore, T. J., Obarzanek, E., Vollmer, W. M., Svetkey, L. P., Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Vogt, T. M., Cutler, J. A., Windhauser, M. M., et al. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199704173361601 · Cited by 5,981 · see citing works
Heckman, M. A., Weil, J., & de Mejı́a, E. G. (2010) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01561.x · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Shi, L., & Lin, L. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000015987 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Effects of Caffeine on Plasma Renin Activity, Catecholamines and Blood Pressure
Robertson, D., Frölich, J. C., Carr, R. K., Watson, J. T., Hollifield, J. W., Shand, D. G., & Oates, J. A. (1978) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197801262980403 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Whelton, P. K. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91285-8 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Barone, J. J., & Roberts, H. R. (1996) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0278-6915(95)00093-3 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Blood pressure and the new ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines
Flack, J. M., & Adekola, B. (2019) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2019.05.003 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Noordzij, M., Uiterwaal, C. S., Arends, L. R., Kok, F. J., Grobbee, D. E., & Geleijnse, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000166828.94699.1d · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Mesas, A. E., Leon-Muñoz, L. M., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., & Lopez-Garcia, E. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.016667 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Caffeine analogs: biomedical impact
Daly, J. W. (2007) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-007-7051-9 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Variability in caffeine metabolism
Grant, D. M., Tang, B. K., & KALOW, W. (1983) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.80 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Rasmussen (2002) · Pharmacogenetics · doi:10.1097/00008571-200208000-00008 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Caffeine’s Vascular Mechanisms of Action
Echeverri, D., Montes, F. R., Cabrera, M., Galán, A., & Prieto, A. (2010) · International Journal of Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1155/2010/834060 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Caffeine and cardiovascular health
Turnbull, D., Rodricks, J. V., Mariano, G. F., & Chowdhury, F. (2017) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.025 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Coffee Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Lopez-Garcia, E., van Dam, R. M., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Rexrode, K. M., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.598664 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Effects of Acute Administration of Caffeine on Vascular Function
Umemura, T., Ueda, K., Nishioka, K., Hidaka, T., Takemoto, H., Nakamura, S., Jitsuiki, D., Soga, J., Goto, C., Chayama, K., et al. (2006) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.058 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Ashraf, M. S., & Vongpatanasin, W. (2006) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-006-0080-1 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Rogers, P. J., & Dernoncourt, C. (1998) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00515-7 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Hypertension risk status and effect of caffeine on blood pressure
Hartley, T. R., Sung, B. H., Pincomb, G. A., Whitsett, T. L., Wilson, M. F., & Lovallo, W. R. (2000) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.36.1.137 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Liczbiński, P., & Bukowska, B. (2021) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114265 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta‐analysis
Sofi, F., Conti, A. A., Gori, A. M., Eliana Luisi, M. L., Casini, A., Abbate, R., & Gensini, G. F. (2007) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2006.07.013 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Harland, B. F. (2000) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00369-5 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Grosso, G., Stepaniak, U., Micek, A., Topór‐Mądry, R., Pikhart, H., Szafraniec, K., & Pająk, A. (2014) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0789-6 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Brondani, L. D. A., Assmann, T. S., de Souza, B. M., Bouças, A. P., Canani, L. H. S., & Crispim, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096411 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Steffen, M., Kuhle, C., Hensrud, D., Erwin, P. J., & Murad, M. H. (2012) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283588d73 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Effects of caffeine on vascular resistance, cardiac output and myocardial contractility in young men
Pincomb, G. A., Lovallo, W. R., Passey, R. B., Whitsett, T. L., Silverstein, S. M., & Wilson, M. F. (1985) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(85)90578-8 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Adenosine: A Physiological Brake on Renin Release
Jackson, E. K. (1991) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.31.040191.000245 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The use of caffeine as a metabolic probe for human drug metabolizing enzymes
Miners, J. O., & Birkett, D. (1996) · General Pharmacology The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/0306-3623(95)02014-4 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Coffee Drinking Is Dose-Dependently Related to the Risk of Acute Coronary Events in Middle-Aged Men
Happonen, P., Voutilainen, S., & Salonen, J. T. (2004) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.9.2381 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Zhou, A., & Hyppönen, E. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy297 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Caffeine Affects Cardiovascular and Neuroendocrine Activation at Work and Home
Lane, J. D., Pieper, C. F., Phillips-Bute, B. G., Bryant, J. E., & Kuhn, C. M. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000021946.90613.db · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: An epidemiological perspective
Geleijnse, J. M. (2008) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s3055 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Caffeine Alters A2AAdenosine Receptors and Their Function in Human Platelets
Varani, K., Portaluppi, F., Merighi, S., Ongini, E., Belardinelli, L., & Borea, P. A. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.19.2499 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Coffee, caffeine, and coronary heart disease
Cornelis, M. C., & El‐Sohemy, A. (2007) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e3282f05d81 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
White, J. R., Padowski, J. M., Zhong, Y., Chen, G., Luo, S., Lazarus, P. J., Layton, M. E., & McPherson, S. (2016) · Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.3109/15563650.2016.1146740 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Effects of caffeine with repeated dosing
Denaro, C. P., Brown, C. R., Jacob, P., & Benowitz, N. L. (1991) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00315208 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Blood Pressure Response to Caffeine Shows Incomplete Tolerance After Short-Term Regular Consumption
Lovallo, W. R., Wilson, M. F., Vincent, A. S., Sung, B. H., McKey, B. S., & Whitsett, T. L. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000120965.63962.93 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Transient Exposure to Coffee as a Trigger of a First Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction
Baylin, A., Hernandez-Diaz, S., Kabagambe, E. K., Siles, X., & Campos, H. (2006) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000229444.55718.96 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Caffeine and cardiovascular diseases: critical review of current research
Zulli, A., Smith, R. M., Kubatka, P., Novák, J., Uehara, Y., Loftus, H., Qaradakhi, T., Pohanka, M., Kobyliak, N. M., Zagatina, A., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1179-z · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Mahdavi‐Roshan, M., Salari, A., Ghorbani, Z., & Ashouri, A. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102430 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Robertson, D., Hollister, A. S., Kincaid, D., Workman, R. J., Goldberg, M. R., Tung, C., & Smith, B. (1984) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(84)90435-2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
COFFEE DRINKING AND NONFATAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN MEN UNDER 55 YEARS OF AGE1
Rosenberg, L. A., Palmer, J. R., Kelly, J. P., Kaufman, D. W., & Shapiro, S. (1988) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115004 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Coffee and acute ischemic stroke onset: The Stroke Onset Study
Mostofsky, E., Schlaug, G., Mukamal, K. J., Rosamond, W. D., & Mittleman, M. A. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181fb443d · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Genetic determinants of blood pressure responses to caffeine drinking
Renda, G., Zimarino, M., Antonucci, I., Tatasciore, A., Ruggieri, B., Bucciarelli, T., Prontera, T., Stuppia, L., & Caterina, R. D. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.018267 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Blood pressure change with weight loss is affected by diet type in men
Nowson, C. A., Worsley, A. F., Margerison, C., Jorna, M., Godfrey, S. J., & Booth, A. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.5.983 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Whelton, P. K., Perneger, T. V., He, J., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Caffeine potentiates vasodilator-induced renin release.
Tofovic, S. P., Branch, K. R., Oliver, R. D., et al. (1990) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)23182-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ruiz-Moreno, C., Lara, B., Salinero, J. J., Brito de Souza, D., Ordovás, J. M., & Del Coso, J. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02167-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hemodynamic effects of dietary caffeine, sleep restriction, and laboratory stress
James, J. E., & Gregg, M. E. (2004) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00248.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Watson, J. M., Jenkins, E. J., Hamilton, P., Lunt, M. J., & Kerr, D. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.4.455 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Chronic Effects of Habitual Caffeine Consumption on Laboratory and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Levels
James, J. E. (1994) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/174182679400100210 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Namazi, N., Larijani, B. A., & Azadbakht, L. (2017) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0043-112347 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
van den Brandt, P. A. (2018) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-018-0359-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Caffeine and Blood Pressure Response: Sex, Age, and Hormonal Status
Farag, N. H., Whitsett, T. L., McKey, B. S., Wilson, M. F., Vincent, A. S., Everson‐Rose, S. A., & Lovallo, W. R. (2010) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1664 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Dillon, P. M., Kelpin, S. S., Kendler, K. S., Thacker, L. R., Dick, D. M., & Svikis, D. S. (2019) · Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research · doi:10.1089/caff.2018.0008 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Caffeine and Stress: Implications for Risk, Assessment, and Management of Hypertension
Hartley, T. R., Lovallo, W. R., Whitsett, T. L., Sung, B. H., & Wilson, M. F. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2001.00478.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hemodynamic Mechanisms Underlying the Incomplete Tolerance to Caffeine's Pressor Effects
Farag, N. H., Vincent, A. S., McKey, B. S., Whitsett, T. L., & Lovallo, W. R. (2005) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.01.093 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Arciero, P. J., Gardner, A., Benowitz, N. L., & Poehlman, É. T. (1998) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600651 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Caffeine, blood pressure, and serum lipids
Bak, A. A. A., & Grobbee, D. E. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.4.971 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Miranda, A. M., Steluti, J., Norde, M. M., Fisberg, R. M., & Marchioni, D. M. L. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.07.033 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rastgoo, S., Shimi, G., Shiraseb, F., Karbasi, A., Ashtary‐Larky, D., Yousefi, M., Golalipour, E., Asbaghi, O., & Zamani, M. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1092077 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of adenosine-induced renal vasodilatation in hypertensive patients
Wierema, T. K. A., Houben, A. J. H. M., Kroon, A. A., Postma, C. T., Koster, D., van Engelshoven, J. M. A., Smits, P., & de Leeuw, P. W. (2005) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000180160.89264.9d · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Central Effects of Caffeine on Renal Renin Secretion and Norepinephrine Spillover
Tofovic, S. P., Kusaka, H., Pfeifer, C. A., & Jackson, E. K. (1996) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00005344-199608000-00018 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Safety profile of caffeine and 1,3-dimethylamylamine supplementation in healthy men
Bloomer, R. J., Farney, T., Harvey, I., et al. (2013) · Human & Experimental Toxicology · doi:10.1177/0960327113475680 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hara, A., Ohide, H., Miyagawa, K., Takeuchi, T., Nakatani, Y., Yokoyama, H., & Amano, T. (2014) · Iryo Yakugaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences) · doi:10.5649/jjphcs.40.383 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Meng, Q., Ge, X., Zhuang, R., Liu, J., Liang, X., Fan, H., Yu, P., Zheng, L., & Zhou, X. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104482 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effect of Caffeine on Blood Pressure Beyond the Laboratory
Myers, M. G. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000120970.49340.33 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effects of habitual caffeine consumption on ambulatory blood pressure
James, J. E. (1996) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(96)90323-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Guarino MP, Sacramento J, Ribeiro MJ, Conde SV. Caffeine, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Coffee in health and disease prevention. Elsevier; 2015. p. 747e55.
- Turnbull D, Rodricks JV, Mariano GF, Chowdhury F. Caffeine and cardiovas- cular health. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017;89:165e85.
- Lim D, Chang J, Ahn J, Kim J. Conflicting effects of coffee consumption on cardiovascular diseases: does coffee consumption aggravate pre-existing risk factors? Processes. MDPI 2020;8(4):438.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
McLellan, A. G., Ahmad, N. S. B., Acton, J. P., Punni, H. K., O'Donnell, E., Shepherd, A. I., Perissiou, M., James, L. J., Clifford, T., & Bailey, S. J. (2026) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d6fo02338j
Björkman, F., Engström, J., Helge, T., & Ekblom, Ö. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06182-0
- Authors
- Abbas-Hashemi, S. A., Hosseininasab, D., Rastgoo, S., Shiraseb, F., & Asbaghi, O.
- Affiliations
- Islamic Azad University, Tehran (IR)
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (IR)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Hosseininasab, Dorsa
- Rastgoo, Samira
- Shiraseb, Farideh
- Asbaghi, Omid
- Venue
- Clinical Nutrition ESPEN
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-12
- Volume
- 58
- Pages
- 165-177
- ISSN
- 2405-4577 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4387211945
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Nutrition ESPEN (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- caffeine supplementation, blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, dose-response relationship, sex differences, duration of supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Caffeine, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Dietary Supplements
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
