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Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta‐analysis

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Sofi, Francesco, Conti, Andrea A., Gori, Anna Maria, Eliana Luisi, Maria Luisa, Casini, Alessandro, Abbate, Rosanna, Gensini, Gian Franco·2007·Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.07.013
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Abstract

Background and aims During the past three decades the relationship between habitual coffee drinking and coronary heart disease (CHD) has been assessed in numerous studies, with conflicting results. The aim of this study was to systematically examine the data published on the association between habitual coffee consumption and risk of CHD.Methods and results Thirteen case-control and 10 cohort studies were included. Case-control studies incorporated 9487 cases of CHD and 27,747 controls, and cohort studies included a total of 403,631 participants that were followed for between 3 and 44 years. The summary of odds ratios (OR) for the case-control studies showed statistically significant associations between coffee consumption and CHD for the highest intake group (>4 cups/day), OR 1.83 (95% CI 1.49-2.24; P<0.0001), and for the second highest category (3-4 cups/day), OR 1.33 (95% CI 1.04-1.71; P<0.0001), while no significant association emerged for low daily coffee intake (< or =2 cups/day), OR 1.03 (95% CI 0.87-1.21; P=0.45). The analysis of long-term follow-up cohort studies did not show any association between the consumption of coffee and CHD, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.16 (95% CI 0.95-1.41; P=0.14) for the highest category, and 1.05 (95% CI 0.90-1.22; P=0.57) and 1.04 (95% CI 0.90-1.19; P=0.60) for the second and third highest categories, respectively. These results did not differ substantially when controlling for region of origin, fatal and non-fatal events, year of publication, and number of years of follow-up.Conclusions Despite a significant association between high consumption of coffee and CHD reported among case-control studies, no significant association between daily coffee consumption and CHD emerged from long-term follow-up prospective cohort studies.

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  • Previous meta-analyses have consistently reported positive associations between habitual consumption of caffeine-containing foods and beverages, mostly coffee, and the risk of cardiovascular disease from case-control studies, but not from prospective cohort studies.

    “Previous meta-analyses have consistently reported positive associations between habitual consumption of caffeine-containing foods and beverages (mostly coffee) and the risk of CVD from case-control studies, but not from prospective cohort studies (Greenland, 1993;Kawachi et al., 1994;Sofi et al., 2007).”

    From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Sofi et al., 2007

  • In Sofi et al. (2007), cumulative RRs for CHD were 1.04 (95% CI 0.90-1.19) for one to two cups/day, 1.05 (0.90-1.22) for three to four cups/day, and 1.16 (0.95-1.41) for four or more cups/day compared with none or less than one cup/day.

    “The cumulative RR for all cohort studies was 1.04 (95 % CI = 0.90-1.19)for the first category of coffee consumption (one to two cups per day), 1.05 (95 % CI = 0.90-1.22)for the second category (three to four cups per day) and 1.16 (95 % CI = 0.95-1.41)for the third category (four or more cups per day) compared with the reference category (none or less than one cup per day).”

    From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Sofi et al., 2007

  • Prior meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies did not support an association between coffee consumption and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.

    “These meta-analyses did not support an association between coffee consumption and a higher CVD risk, but the shape of the association remains uncertain.”

    From Long-Term Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and a Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies (2014) · cites this paper as [14]

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Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Kalandidi A, Tzonou A, Toupadaki N, Lan S-J, Koutis C, Drogari P, et al. A caseecontrol study of coronary heart dis- ease in Athens, Greece. Int J Epidemiol 1992;21:1074e80.
  2. Gyntelberg F, Hein HO, Suadicani P, Sorensen H. Coffee consumption and risk of ischaemic heart diseaseda set- tled issue? J Intern Med 1995;237:55e61.
  3. Dawber TR, Kannel WB, Gordon T. Coffee and cardiovascu- lar diseasedobservations from the Framinghan Study. N Engl J Med 1974;291:871e4.
  4. La Vecchia C, D'Avanzo B, Negri E, Franceschi S, Gentile A, Tavani A. Decaffeinated coffee and acute myocardial in- farction. A caseecontrol study in Italian women. Ann Epi- demiol 1993;3:601e4.
  5. Stensvold I, Tverdal A, Jacobsen BK. Cohort study of coffee intake and death from coronary heart disease. BMJ 1996; 312:544e5.
  6. Heyden S, Tyroler HA, Cassel JC, Hames CG, Becker C, Heiss G. Coffee consumption and mortality in a community study. Z Ernahrungswiss 1976;15:143e50.

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Authors
Sofi, F., Conti, A. A., Gori, A. M., Eliana Luisi, M. L., Casini, A., Abbate, R., & Gensini, G. F.
Affiliations
  • University of Florence (IT)
  • Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation (IT)
Corresponding author
Sofi, Francesco
ORCID
Venue
Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-03
Volume
17
Issue
3
Pages
209-223
ISSN
0939-4753 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.numecd.2006.07.013
OpenAlex
W1992082931
Cited by
148
References
81
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
FWCI
0.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Keywords
coffee consumption, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk, dose-response relationship, prospective cohort, case-control study, conflicting study results
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Caffeine, Coffee, Coronary Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Cohort Studies, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies

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