The effect of coffee consumption on blood pressure and the development of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
CONTEXT: Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide and is known to acutely raise blood pressure (BP), but the effects of chronic consumption on BP is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies to assess the effect of chronic coffee consumption on BP and the development of hypertension. DATA SOURCES: Ovid, MEDLINE (from 1948), EMBASE (from 1988), and all of Web of Science and Scopus. STUDY SELECTION: RCTs and cohort studies of at least 1-week duration that assessed BP and/or the incidence of hypertension in coffee consumers compared with a control group that consumed less or no coffee. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently reviewed abstracts and full-text articles for inclusion. Data were abstracted using standardized forms. Risk of bias in the RCTs was examined using the method described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Quality of the cohort studies were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale for cohort studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Six hundred and ten articles were retrieved and a total of 15 (10 RCTs and five cohort studies) met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of RCTs demonstrated a pooled weighted difference in mean change in SBP of -0.55 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI) -2.46 to 1.36) and DBP -0.45 mmHg (95% CI -1.52 to 0.61). Meta-analysis of the cohort studies demonstrated a pooled risk ratio for developing hypertension of 1.03 (95% CI 0.98-1.08). CONCLUSION: Low-quality evidence did not show any statistically significant effect of coffee consumption on BP or the risk of hypertension. Given the quality of the currently available evidence, no recommendation can be made for or against coffee consumption as it relates to BP and hypertension.
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In Steffen et al. (2012), the pooled weighted difference in mean change of SBP was -0.55 mmHg (95% CI -2.46 to 1.36) and of DBP was -0.45 mmHg (95% CI -1.52 to 0.61).
“The pooled weighted difference in mean change of SBP was -0.55 mmHg (95 % CI = -2.46 to 1.36 mmHg) and of DBP was -0.45 mmHg (95 % CI = -1.52 to 0.61 mmHg).”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Steffen et al., 2012
In Steffen et al. (2012), heterogeneity in pooled SBP (I2=72%) and DBP (I2=41%) analysis was explored by type of coffee, sex and prestudy BP in subgroup analyses, but no significant interactions were found.
“Heterogeneity in the pooled SBP (I 2 = 72 %) and DBP (I 2 = 41 %) analysis was explored by considering type of coffee, sex and prestudy BP in subgroup analyses, but no significant interactions were found.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Steffen et al., 2012
The Panel notes that the Steffen et al. (2012) meta-analysis does not show a significant increase in fasting BP following consumption of caffeinated coffee for >7 days at doses of about three to six cups per day.
“The Panel notes that this meta-analysis does not show a significant increase in fasting BP following consumption of caffeinated coffee for > 7 days at doses of about three to six cups per day.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Steffen et al., 2012
In Steffen et al. (2012), coffee drinking was not significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension at any category of coffee intake compared with the reference category.
“Coffee drinking was not significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension at any category of coffee intake compared with the reference category.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Steffen et al., 2012
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“Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies have addressed the association between coffee consumption and the risk of incident hypertension (Zhang et al., 2011; Steffen et al., 2012).”
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- Authors
- Steffen, M., Kuhle, C., Hensrud, D., Erwin, P. J., & Murad, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Steffen, Mark
- Venue
- Journal of Hypertension
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2245-2254
- ISSN
- 0263-6352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2082598945
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 1.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, blood pressure, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension incidence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Pressure, Coffee, Drinking Behavior, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Risk Factors
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