Cross-sectional associations of dietary and circulating magnesium with skeletal muscle mass in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort
Open accessAbstract
Background Maintenance of skeletal muscle in older age is critical to reducing frailty and the risk of falls and fractures. Nutrition has established importance for muscle health in general, but less research has looked at associations of dietary intake of specific micronutrients on skeletal muscle mass in older adults.Aims This study aimed to investigate the influence of dietary and circulating magnesium on skeletal muscle mass in a UK population of 14,340 middle to older-aged men and women participating in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study.Methods Dietary nutrient intakes were estimated from 7-day food diaries and fat-free mass (FFM) by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Multivariable regression was used to investigate associations of FFM-based indices of muscle mass with quintiles of dietary magnesium intake or serum magnesium concentration groups. All analyses were stratified by sex, and regression models were adjusted for relevant covariates.Results Significant positive trends in FFM measures were evident across magnesium dietary intake quintiles for both sexes (all p < 0.001; n = 6350 men; n = 7990 women) and both <60 and ≥ 60 year olds, with all-age quintile 5 versus quintile 1 maximal differences of 4.6% in men and 6.3% in women; highly relevant compared to the estimated 1% decline per year after 40 years of age. These observations were not reflected in serum magnesium analyses, where no consistent trends were found across the skeletal muscle mass indices tested.Conclusion Further investigation will be required to improve our understanding of the relationship between serum magnesium concentration and skeletal muscle mass. However, this study has demonstrated strong associations between dietary magnesium intake and indices of skeletal muscle mass in a UK population of middle to older-aged adults, highlighting the likely importance of dietary magnesium for optimal muscle health in this population.
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In the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study of 14,340 middle- to older-aged men and women, there were strong positive associations between dietary magnesium intake and indices of skeletal muscle mass in both men and women.
“Hayhoe et al. [87] investigated the correlation between serum magnesium concentration and FFM. They analyzed 7-day food records from 14,340 middle- to older-aged men and women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk cohort study and estimated the correlation between FFM-based indices of muscle mass and dietary magnesium intake. Researchers reported”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [87]
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“Conversely, inadequate Mg intake contributes to the loss of muscle mass and reduced grip strength in older individuals [11].”
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“Studies of large groups of middle-aged and elderly individuals, including those with metabolic risk factors, have shown that those with higher magnesium intake have greater skeletal muscle mass [50,51].”
Xie, J., Huang, Y., Zheng, X.-F., Feng, R., Li, X.-Y., Zheng, Z., Jiang, B., Du, S., Chen, H.-G., & Xu, Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25001671
Wang, Q., Si, K., Xing, X., Ye, X., Liu, Z., Chen, J., & Tang, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25448983
Wu, C.-F., Chang, P.-H., Ling, H. H., Pan, Y.-P., Lin, Y.-C., Chou, W.-C., Peng, C.-L., Chen, Z.-S., Hsia, S., & Yeh, K.-Y. (2025) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1155/ecc/5986221
“Furthermore, zinc and magnesium defciencies have been implicated in oxidative stress, sarcopenia, and excessive fat mass accumulations [26, 27].”
Assessment of nutritional value of seafood and policy implications
Kim, M., Jang, W., Kim, S., Han, D. P., & Kim, Y. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2025.58.6.557
- Authors
- Hayhoe, R. P. G., Lentjes, M. A. H., Mulligan, A. A., Luben, R. N., Khaw, K.-T., & Welch, A. A.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Welch, Ailsa A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 317-323
- ISSN
- 0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2791937987
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk
- Locations
- Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (SP2024-0201, SP2024-0204)
- Medical Research Council (G9502233)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Magnesium in Health and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- dietary magnesium, serum magnesium, skeletal muscle mass, fat-free mass, older adults, muscle health, micronutrients, frailty, EPIC-Norfolk cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Composition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Magnesium, Male, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Electric Impedance, Muscle, Skeletal
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