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Cited by 50Digital Mental Health InterventionsEmotion and Mood RecognitionMental Health Research Topics

Wearable devices for anxiety & depression: A scoping review

Open access
Ahmed, Arfan, Aziz, Sarah, Alzubaidi, Mahmood, Schneider, Jens, Irshaidat, Sara, Abu Serhan, Hashem, Abd-alrazaq, Alaa A, Solaiman, Barry +1 more·2023·Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update
DOI 10.1016/j.cmpbup.2023.100095PMC PMC9884643
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Abstract

The rates of mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression are at an all-time high especially since the onset of COVID-19, and the need for readily available digital health care solutions has never been greater. Wearable devices have increasingly incorporated sensors that were previously reserved for hospital settings. The availability of wearable device features that address anxiety and depression is still in its infancy, but consumers will soon have the potential to self-monitor moods and behaviors using everyday commercially-available devices. This study aims to explore the features of wearable devices that can be used for monitoring anxiety and depression. Six bibliographic databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Google Scholar were used as search engines for this review. Two independent reviewers performed study selection and data extraction, while two other reviewers justified the cross-checking of extracted data. A narrative approach for synthesizing the data was utilized. From 2408 initial results, 58 studies were assessed and highlighted according to our inclusion criteria. Wrist-worn devices were identified in the bulk of our studies (n = 42 or 71%). For the identification of anxiety and depression, we reported 26 methods for assessing mood, with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory being the joint most common along with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (n = 8 or 14%). Finally, n = 26 or 46% of studies highlighted the smartphone as a wearable device host device. The emergence of affordable, consumer-grade biosensors offers the potential for new approaches to support mental health therapies for illnesses such as anxiety and depression. We believe that purposefully-designed wearable devices that combine the expertise of technologists and clinical experts can play a key role in self-care monitoring and diagnosis.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This scoping review maps 58 studies on publicly available, consumer-grade wearable devices for anxiety and depression, finding wrist-worn devices dominate and depression is the most targeted condition. It concludes that affordable biosensors show potential for mental health self-monitoring, but evidence is limited by short, small studies and a lack of effectiveness assessment.

Key findings

  • From 2,408 initial citations, 58 studies were included; wrist-worn devices were used in 42 studies (71%), and smartphones were the most frequent host device in 26 studies (reported as 46% in the abstract and 45% in the results text).
  • The review identified 26 mood-assessment methods; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders were jointly most common (n = 8, 14% each). Depression was targeted in 47% of studies, anxiety in 25%, and both in 27%.
  • Fitbit was the most common device brand (16%), followed by Actiwatch and Empatica (12% each); Bluetooth was the most prevalent data-transfer mode (22%), followed by internet/WiFi or cellular (19%).
  • Most studies were small or short: 29 studies had 0–49 participants, 20 had 50–99, 6 had 100–300, and 2 had above 300; 27 studies lasted less than one month, while only 3 lasted above one year.

Methods

  • Scoping review guided by the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Google Scholar from July 10–12, 2021.
  • Inclusion criteria covered publicly available, consumer-grade wearable devices used for anxiety and/or depression, published 2010–2021 in English; exclusions included proposed devices not on the market, implanted sensors, devices requiring professional/hospital settings, reviews, abstracts, dissertations, proposals, editorials, and commentaries.
  • Two reviewers independently performed study selection; four reviewers were involved in data extraction, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer; data were synthesized narratively.

Limitations

  • The paper states that only English studies and studies published between 2010 and 2021 were included; it may have overlooked relevant papers because Web of Science and Scopus were not searched; search terms were limited to “wearable*, smart*”; EEG and ECG devices and devices requiring clinical settings were excluded.
  • The paper states that as a scoping review it does not critically assess included-study quality and does not report effectiveness measure values or assess performance.
  • The paper states that most included studies were short (n = 27, less than a month) or underpopulated (n = 29, fewer than 50 participants), and that only two studies recruited over 300 participants and lasted more than a year.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.cmpbup.2023.100095

Cites

82 of 82 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 7 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    27 of the included studies were less than a month long.

    “most of the studies are either woefully short (n = 27, less than a month) or underpopulated (n = 29, less than 50 participants).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The mental health illness most targeted by wearable devices in the included studies is depression (47%).

    “The mental health illness most targeted by wearable devices in the included studies is depression (47%), whereas anxiety was only assessed in 25% of studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    29 of the included studies had fewer than 50 participants.

    “most of the studies are either woefully short (n = 27, less than a month) or underpopulated (n = 29, less than 50 participants).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Smartphones were highlighted as a wearable device host device in 26 studies (46% in the abstract; 45% in the results).

    “Finally, n = 26 or 46% of studies highlighted the smartphone as a wearable device host device.”
    • Also stated in: § Technical device operation details and evaluation · plain
      “Amongst them, smartphones (45%) are the most frequent devices, followed by computers (10%), and online websites (3%), whereas 34% did not use any host terminal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Statistical methods were the most used effectiveness measure (69%).

    “Among those, statistical methods (69%) were most used.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 34
  • May combine two claims. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    This study is the first review in the literature focused on wearable devices targeting anxiety and depression.

    “Furthermore, this study is the first review in the literature that has focused on wearable devices targeting anxiety and depression.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
      “This is the first review scoping the landscape of using wearable devices as ingredients to alleviate mental health symptoms, in particular: anxiety and depression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The search strategy was comprehensive enough to identify any prior review on wearable devices targeting anxiety and depression.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During full-text screening, 303 publications were excluded, leaving 46 unique individual studies.

    “Of the remaining 349 references, 303 publications were excluded during the full text screening. Finally, 46 unique individual studies were identified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Few devices made use of removable media (9%), whereas a single study used wired connections.

    “Few devices made use of removable media (9%) such as memory cards, whereas a single (n = 1) study used wired connections.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The search of six bibliographic databases yielded 2408 citations.

    “The search of six bibliographic databases yielded 2408 citations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    To the authors' knowledge, this is the first scoping review looking at wearable devices and their use with anxiety and depression.

    “Many studies have been conducted about WDs but to the best of our knowledge this is the first scoping review (overview of the available research evidence) looking at WDs and their use with anxiety and depression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Few reviews exist on the technical solutions linked to mobile apps.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    More than half of the included studies were published between 2016 and 2021 (51%).

    “More than half of the studies were published between 2016 and 2021 (51%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Pre-/post testing (3%), user interviews, and a Technology Acceptance Model were each used by single studies.

    “Pre-/post testing (3%), user interviews and a Technology Acceptance Model were also used by single studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Studies performed experiments on small sets of participants mostly below age 50 (50%) and were carried out for months (26%).

    “Studies performed experiments on these wearable devices using small sets of participants mostly below age 50 (50%) and were carried out for months (26%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Smart belts, smart necklaces, and smart clips were each used by 3% of the studies.

    “Smart belts, smart necklaces, and smart clips were only used by 3% of the studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    All studies included in this review were from peer-reviewed journals.

    “All studies included in this review were from peer-reviewed journals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The review identified 58 studies meeting inclusion criteria from 2408 initial citations.

    “From 2408 initial results, 58 studies were assessed and highlighted according to our inclusion criteria.”
    • Also stated in: § Search results · plain
      “The synthesis includes a total of 58 articles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The actigraphy brand was the most commonly available commercial brand used by 15% of the studies.

    “The actigraphy brand is the most commonly available commercial brand used by 15% of the studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    About 23.7% of the included studies were published in the USA.

    “Although studies were published in more than 17 countries, about 23.7% of the included studies were published in the USA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most published studies were journal articles (71%), and less than one-third were conference articles (29%).

    “As presented in Table 2 , most published studies were journal articles (71%), and less than one-third were conference articles (29%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    Most devices used by the included studies are wrist-worn.

    “it is hardly surprising that most of the devices used by the studies are wrist-worn.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A smart band was utilized in 32% of the studies, and a smartwatch in 29% of the studies.

    “A smart band was utilized in 32% of the studies, and a smartwatch in 29% of the studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Smartphones were the most frequent host devices (45%), followed by computers (10%) and online websites (3%), whereas 34% did not use any host terminal.

    “Amongst them, smartphones (45%) are the most frequent devices, followed by computers (10%), and online websites (3%), whereas 34% did not use any host terminal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The most used operating systems in wearable devices were Android (5%) and iOS (5%).

    “The most used operating systems in wearable devices are Android (5%) and iOS (5%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After title/abstract screening, 1461 citations were excluded, leaving 349 references.

    “Of those, 1461 citations were further excluded after screening their titles and abstracts. Of the remaining 349 references, 303 publications were excluded during the full text screening.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Other uncommon devices, such as a smart ring, human performance electrodes device, skin conductance biofeedback device, and wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), were each described only once.

    “Other uncommon devices were described only once, such as a smart ring, human performance electrodes device, skin conductance biofeedback device, and a wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most prevalent data transfer mode between wearable and host devices was Bluetooth (22%), followed by internet technology (19%) in the form of WiFi or cellular data.

    “The most prevalent data transfer mode between wearable and host devices was Bluetooth (22%), followed by internet technology (19%) in the form of WiFi or cellular data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Other studies supported both Android and iOS (17%), while the majority of studies (72%) did not specify the compatible operating system.

    “Other studies supported both of these OSes (17%), though the majority of studies (72%) did not specify the compatible operating system”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    After excluding 598 duplicates, 1810 unique titles and abstracts remained.

    “As shown in Fig. 1 , 598 duplicates were excluded, leaving 1810 unique titles and abstracts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Backward and forward reference list checking yielded 12 new studies.

    “Backward reference list checking and forward reference list checking yielded 12 new studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Fitbit was the most common wearable device technology brand producer (16%), followed by Actiwatch and Empatica (12%).

    “Among the 58 studies, Table 3 highlights that Fitbit (16%) is the most common wearable device technology brand producer, followed by Actiwatch and Empatica (12%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Only 7% of the studies utilized smart glasses.

    “Only 7% of the studies utilized smart glasses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Only English studies were included.

    “Some limitations are that only English studies were included”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was used as a guiding approach to construct the scoping review.

    “The PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) [14] was utilized as a guiding approach to construct a complete scoping review.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Tricco, 2018, PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation, Ann. Intern. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Only studies that utilized commercial wearable devices that require no clinical setting were included.

    “We only included studies that utilized commercial wearable devices that require no clinical setting.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The databases were searched using only the terms "wearable*, smart*".

    “In addition, the databases were searched using only the terms “wearable*, smart*” for this study.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Study selection was performed independently by two reviewers at the title/abstract and full-text stages, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer.

    “Two reviewers independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of all retrieved papers in the first stage. In the second phase, the same reviewers read the complete texts of the papers included in the first step separately. If there were any disputes between the two reviewers, these were settled by consulting a third reviewer, both during the first and second steps of the selection process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers, with differences resolved by a third reviewer.

    “Two additional reviewers independently undertook the data extraction procedure, and any differences were addressed by the third reviewer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Other kinds of wearable devices, such as EEG and ECG, were excluded.

    “Therefore, other kinds of wearable devices, such as EEG and ECG, were excluded.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Improvement in mental health disorders often comes gradually and requires expert intervention for several months.

    “In the context of mental health disorders, it is important to note that improvement often comes gradually and requires expert intervention for several months”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Service, N.H. "Treatment - generalised anxiety disorder in adults". 2021 [cited 2021]; Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/generalised-anxiety-disorder/treatment/.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The review falls short of reporting the effectiveness measure values and therefore does not assess performance.

    “Although the different wearable device technologies were examined, the review falls short of reporting the effectiveness measure values, and therefore does not assess performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Regular exercise may be associated with some improvement in mental well-being.

    “although another possible explanation is that regular exercise may be associated with some improvement in mental well-being. [16,17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [16] Chekroud, 2018, Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1· 2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: a cross-sectional study, Lancet Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Pascoe, 2020, Physical activity and exercise in youth mental health promotion: a scoping review, BMJ Open Sport Exercise Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The emergence of affordable, consumer-grade biosensors offers the potential for new approaches to support mental health therapies for illnesses such as anxiety and depression.

    “The emergence of affordable, consumer-grade biosensors offers the potential for new approaches to support mental health therapies for illnesses such as anxiety and depression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Wearable devices are still in their infancy.
    • Rests on an assumption: Integrating sensors into wearable devices has enhanced their monitoring capabilities to a level previously reserved for hospital settings.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The authors may have overlooked some pertinent research papers due to practical restrictions (e.g., accessing Web of Science and Scopus).

    “Due to practical restrictions (e.g., accessing Web of Science and Scopus), we may have overlooked some pertinent research papers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The most popular databases in both healthcare and information technology fields were searched.

    “The most popular databases in both the healthcare and information technology fields were searched to retrieve as many relevant studies as possible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The authors searched Google Scholar and conducted backward and forward reference list checking to identify gray literature, reducing the risk of publication bias.

    “The authors searched Google Scholar and conducted backward and forward reference list checking to identify gray literature, reducing the risk of publication bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The review was reported according to the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews.

    “The review has been reported according to the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This is a scoping review that does not critically assess the quality of the included studies.

    “Finally, this is a scoping review that does not critically assess the quality of the included studies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Only studies published between 2010 and 2021 were included.

    “and that only studies published between 2010 and 2021 were included”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
43 of 43

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Few reviews exist on the technical solutions linked to mobile apps.

    “However, few reviews exist on the technical solutions linked to mobile apps.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Wearable devices are still in their infancy.

    “albeit in comparison, wearable devices are still in their infancy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The field of wearable devices for mental health is fast evolving.

    “As this field is fast evolving, wearable devices require the same quality reviews previously published on app features [13], both to enable consumers to make informed decisions and the research community to identify gaps and opportunities.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The need for a review of easily available mental health-focused wearable devices has never been greater.

    “With a growing emphasis on alleviating the onerous symptoms of mental health disorders—particularly those that have been exacerbated by the global response to COVID-19—the necessity for a review that can enlighten individuals looking for easily available mental health-focused wearable devices has never been greater.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Integrating sensors into wearable devices has enhanced their monitoring capabilities to a level previously reserved for hospital settings.

    “Integrating sensors into wearable devices has enhanced their monitoring capabilities to a level that was previously reserved to hospital settings.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Reporting according to PRISMA-ScR is sufficient for a scoping review to be considered of good quality.

    “The review has been reported according to the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews; therefore, it can be considered a review of good quality.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The search strategy was comprehensive enough to identify any prior review on wearable devices targeting anxiety and depression.

    “this study is the first review in the literature that has focused on wearable devices targeting anxiety and depression.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Digital technologies enable remote collection of large volumes of clinically relevant data that may be less burdensome than traditional in-clinic visits and more reflective of clinically relevant changes.

    “These technologies enable the remote collection of large volumes of clinically relevant data, which may be less burdensome than traditional in-clinic visits and more reflective of clinically relevant changes (20, 21).”

    From A narrative review of digital biomarkers in the management of major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant forms (2023) · cites this paper as [20]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Abstract overstates smartphone-host percentage

    Minor

    The reported 26 studies are 44.8% of 58, which rounds to 45%, as stated later in the paper, rather than 46%.

    Reported 46 · recomputed 44.827586

  • Non-wrist placement percentage does not match its counts

    Minor

    The listed non-wrist placement counts total 20, which is 34.5% of 58 studies, not the stated 20%. Overlap with wrist placements does not make those counts 20% of the included studies.

    Reported 20 · recomputed 34.482759

  • Theses are both included and excluded

    Minor

    The eligibility prose says theses were not accepted, but Table 1 lists them among eligible publications.

  • S13 publication year conflicts with its reference

    Minor

    Table 2 places S13 in 2010, whereas the corresponding [13] reference gives 2012.

  • Wrist-worn study percentage is misstated

    Minor

    Of 58 included studies, 42 is 72.4%, which rounds to 72%, not 71%.

    Reported 71 · recomputed 72.413793

  • Participant-count category is described as an age category

    Minor

    The 50% figure corresponds to Table 3's 29 studies with 0-49 participants. That table reports study size, not participants' ages.

  • Publication-year summary conflicts with Table 2

    Minor

    The six Table 2 rows for 2016-2021 total 49 of the 58 studies, far more than the stated 51%.

  • CES-D row lists two studies but counts one

    Minor

    The CES-D row names two study IDs while reporting one study.

  • DASS row lists four studies but counts three

    Minor

    The DASS row names four study IDs while reporting three studies.

  • EMA row lists three studies but counts two

    Minor

    The EMA row names three study IDs while reporting two studies.

  • USA share does not match the country table

    Minor

    Table 2 lists 24 USA studies out of 58 included studies, or 41.4%, not 23.7%.

    Reported 23.7 · recomputed 41.37931

  • Claim that all studies were journal articles conflicts with Table 2

    Minor

    Table 2 classifies 17 included studies as conference publications, contradicting the statement that all included studies were from journals.

12 of 12

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 83 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Jin, 2020, 8, 89258

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Ahmed, A., Aziz, S., Alzubaidi, M., Schneider, J., Irshaidat, S., Abu Serhan, H., Abd-alrazaq, A. A., Solaiman, B., & Househ, M.
Affiliations
  • Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar (QA)
  • Hamad bin Khalifa University (QA)
  • Jordan University Hospital (JO)
Corresponding author
Ahmed, Arfan
ORCID
Venue
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2023
Volume
3
Pages
100095
ISSN
2666-9900 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cmpbup.2023.100095
PMC
PMC9884643
OpenAlex
W4318473324
Cited by
50
References
83
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6
FWCI
1.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Weill Cornell Medical College
  • Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords
wearable devices, anxiety, depression, mental health monitoring, biosensors, smartphone sensors, wrist-worn devices, mood assessment, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, self-monitoring, digital mental health, consumer-grade sensors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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