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Learning a commonsense moral theory
Abstract
We introduce a computational framework for understanding the structure and dynamics of moral learning, with a focus on how people learn to trade off the interests and welfare of different individuals in their social groups and the larger society. We posit a minimal set of cognitive capacities that together can solve this learning problem: (1) an abstract and recursive utility calculus to quantitatively represent welfare trade-offs; (2) hierarchical Bayesian inference to understand the actions and judgments of others; and (3) meta-values for learning by value alignment both externally to the values of others and internally to make moral theories consistent with one's own attachments and feelings. Our model explains how children can build from sparse noisy observations of how a small set of individuals make moral decisions to a broad moral competence, able to support an infinite range of judgments and decisions that generalizes even to people they have never met and situations they have not been in or observed. It also provides insight into the causes and dynamics of moral change across time, including cases when moral change can be rapidly progressive, changing values significantly in just a few generations, and cases when it is likely to move more slowly.
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“When cooperation between agents (and humans) is possible, better outcomes for all through joint effort are possible [27, 39, 40, 63].”
From Cooperate or Collapse: Emergence of Sustainable Cooperation in a Society of LLM Agents (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
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Gray, K. J., Rand, D. G., Ert, E., Lewis, K., Hershman, S. G., & Norton, M. I. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614521816 · Cited by 65
Experimentally induced changes in moral opinions and reasoning.
Keasey, C. B. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034210 · Cited by 44
The ABC of moral development: an attachment approach to moral judgment
Govrin, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00006 · Cited by 42
Inference of Intention and Permissibility in Moral Decision Making.
Max Kleiman-weiner, A., Gerstenberg, T., Levine, S., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2015) · Cited by 42
Self-citationMoral learning as intuitive theory revision
Rhodes, M., & Wellman, H. M. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.08.013 · Cited by 42
Portraits of Early Moral Sensibility in Two Children's Everyday Conversations
Wright, J. C., & Bartsch, K. (2008) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2008.0010 · Cited by 38
A Single Counterexample Leads to Moral Belief Revision
Horne, Z., Powell, D., & Hummel, J. E. (2015) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12223 · Cited by 37
Reflective Equilibrium and Moral Consistency Reasoning
Campbell, R. (2013) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2013.833643 · Cited by 33
A Polynomial-time Nash Equilibrium Algorithm for Repeated Stochastic GamesPreprint
de Cote, E. M., & Littman, M. L. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1206.3277 · Cited by 28
The Poverty of the Moral StimulusPreprint
Mikhail, J. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 28
Moral empiricism and the bias for act-based rules
Ayars, A., & Nichols, S. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.01.007 · Cited by 27
Moral alchemy: How love changes norms
Magid, R. W., & Schulz, L. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.03.003 · Cited by 12
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Binmore, 1998, vol. 2
- Festinger, 1962, vol. 2
- Fudenberg, 1998, vol. 2
Cited by
Modeling Moral Choices in Social Dilemmas with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
Tennant, E., Hailes, S., & Musolesi, M. (2023) · Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.24963/ijcai.2023/36 · Cited by 21
Cooperate or Collapse: Emergence of Sustainable Cooperation in a Society of LLM Agents
Piatti, G., Jin, Z., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Schölkopf, B., Sachan, M., & Mihalcea, R. (2024) · Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 · doi:10.52202/079017-3548 · Cited by 14
“When cooperation between agents (and humans) is possible, better outcomes for all through joint effort are possible [27, 39, 40, 62].”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Kleiman-Weiner, M., Saxe, R., & Tenenbaum, J. B.
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 167
- Pages
- 107-123
- ISSN
- 0010-0277
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 138
- Language
- en
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.