Peritraumatic dissociation as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder: a critical review
Abstract
In psychiatric literature, dissociative reactions at the time of a traumatic event (i.e., peritraumatic dissociation) are considered to be risk factors for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this article, we critically review research concerned with the link between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD. Our main point is that studies in this area heavily rely on retrospective reports of dissociative reactions during the trauma. We argue that this methodology has important limitations since people in general and PTSD patients in particular find it difficult to give accurate descriptions of past emotional states. Restrictive factors that play a role in this context have to do with forgetting, attribution, and malingering.
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Dissociation is reported after both aversive and pleasant events, which casts doubt on dissociation being unique to trauma.
“Furthermore, dissociation is reported after both aversive and pleasant events (Candel & Merckelbach, 2004), casting doubt on dissociation as unique to trauma.”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Candel & Merckelbach, 2004
Dissociation is often assessed retrospectively, and several factors can affect accuracy, including forgetting, attribution, and malingering.
“Dissociation is often assessed retrospectively, and several factors can affect accuracy including forgetting, attribution, and malingering (Candel & Merckelbach, 2004).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Candel & Merckelbach, 2004
Peritraumatic dissociation increases the risk of subsequent PTSD.
“There is evidence that peritraumatic dissociation increases the risk of subsequent PTSD [18, 25–30].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
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- Authors
- Candel, I., & Merckelbach, H.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Candel, Ingrid
- ORCID
- Merckelbach, Harald
- Venue
- Comprehensive Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44-50
- ISSN
- 0010-440X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2112055342
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Comprehensive Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- peritraumatic dissociation, post-traumatic stress disorder, risk factors, retrospective reports, dissociative reactions, memory retrieval, attribution, malingering
- MeSH terms
- Dissociative Disorders, Humans, Mental Recall, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Wounds and Injuries
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