Dreams reflect nocturnal cognitive processes: Early-night dreams are more continuous with waking life, and late-night dreams are more emotional and hyperassociative.
Abstract
Contributions of specific sleep stages to cognitive processes are increasingly understood. Non-REM sleep is particularly implicated in episodic memory consolidation, whilst REM sleep preferentially consolidates and regulates emotional information, and gives rise to creativity and insight. Dream content reflects these processes: non-REM dreams are more likely to picture episodic memories, whereas REM dreams are more emotional and bizarre. However, across-the-night differences in the memory sources of dream content, as opposed to sleep stage differences, are less well understood. In the present study, 68 participants were awoken from sleep in the early and late night and recorded their dreams and waking-life activities. Early-night dreams were more clearly relatable to (or continuous with) waking life than late-night dreams. Late-night dreams were more emotional-important, more time orientation varied, and more hyperassociative, than early-night dreams. These dream content differences may underlie the mental content that accompanies sleep processes like memory consolidation, emotion-processing, and creativity.
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- Authors
- Malinowski, J. E., & Horton, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Bedfordshire (GB)
- Bishop Grosseteste University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Malinowski, J.E.
- Venue
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 88
- Pages
- 103071
- ISSN
- 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3115067769
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Dream Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- dream content, REM sleep, NREM sleep, episodic memory consolidation, creativity, sleep stages
- MeSH terms
- Dreams, Emotions, Humans, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM, Wakefulness
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