Assessing the dream-lag effect for rem and nrem stage 2 dreams
Open accessAbstract
This study investigates evidence, from dream reports, for memory consolidation during sleep. It is well-known that events and memories from waking life can be incorporated into dreams. These incorporations can be a literal replication of what occurred in waking life, or, more often, they can be partial or indirect. Two types of temporal relationship have been found to characterize the time of occurrence of a daytime event and the reappearance or incorporation of its features in a dream. These temporal relationships are referred to as the day-residue or immediate incorporation effect, where there is the reappearance of features from events occurring on the immediately preceding day, and the dream-lag effect, where there is the reappearance of features from events occurring 5-7 days prior to the dream. Previous work on the dream-lag effect has used spontaneous home recalled dream reports, which can be from Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM) and from non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM). This study addresses whether the dream-lag effect occurs only for REM sleep dreams, or for both REM and NREM stage 2 (N2) dreams. 20 participants kept a daily diary for over a week before sleeping in the sleep laboratory for 2 nights. REM and N2 dreams collected in the laboratory were transcribed and each participant rated the level of correspondence between every dream report and every diary record. The dream-lag effect was found for REM but not N2 dreams. Further analysis indicated that this result was not due to N2 dream reports being shorter, in terms of number of words, than the REM dream reports. These results provide evidence for a 7-day sleep-dependent non-linear memory consolidation process that is specific to REM sleep, and accord with proposals for the importance of REM sleep to emotional memory consolidation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
It can take several days for repetitive tasks to show up in dreams, a form of dream lag, and almost always these tasks appear in partial forms that are only loosely similar.
“It can take several days for repetitive tasks to show up in dreams, a form of “dream lag,” and almost always these tasks appear in partial forms that are, again, only loosely similar.81”
From The overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
The Abstract describes a dream-lag effect in which features of waking events reappear in dreams 5–7 days later, and says incorporations are more often partial or indirect than literal. It does not establish this specifically for repetitive tasks or say they appear “almost always” in loosely similar forms. The Introduction instead treats recurrent routine events as a possible confound in identifying delayed incorporation. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome dream experiences could incorporate waking events.
“In other words, some dream experiences could incorporate waking events.48–51”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [50]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Two new Later Stone Age sites from the Final Pleistocene in the Falémé Valley, eastern Senegal
Ndiaye, M., Lespez, L., Tribolo, C., Rassé, M., Hadjas, I., Davidoux, S., Huysecom, É., & Douze, K. (2024) · Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000667478 · Cited by 24,015 · see citing works
(2007) · Cited by 6,530 · see citing works
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation
Stickgold, R. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04286 · Cited by 1,857 · see citing works
Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing
Walker, M. P., & van der Helm, E. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016570 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
The Role of Sleep in Cognition and Emotion
Walker, M. P. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04416.x · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation
Walker, M. P., Brakefield, T., Allan Hobson, J., & Stickgold, R. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01930 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Sleep, learning, and dreams: off-line memory reprocessing
Stickgold, R., Hobson, J. A., Fosse, R., & Fosse, M. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063530 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
REM sleep, prefrontal theta, and the consolidation of human emotional memory
Nishida, M., Pearsall, J., Buckner, R. L., & Walker, M. P. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn155 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Daytime naps, motor memory consolidation and regionally specific sleep spindles
Nishida, M., & Walker, M. P. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000341 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Nielsen, T. A. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0000399x · Cited by 521 · see citing works
A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory formation
Walker, M. P. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000026 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenes
Payne, J. D., Stickgold, R., Swanberg, K., & Kensinger, E. A. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02157.x · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Dreaming and episodic memory: a functional dissociation?
Fosse, M. J., Fosse, R., Hobson, J. A., & Stickgold, R. J. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321107774 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Sleep states and memory processes in humans: procedural versus declarative memory systems
Smith, C. (2001) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2001.0164 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
The role of sleep in false memory formation
Payne, J. D., Schacter, D. L., Propper, R. E., Huang, L.-W., Wamsley, E. J., Tucker, M. A., Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2009) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.03.007 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Replaying the game: hypnagogic images in normals and amnesics
Stickgold, R., Malia, A., Maguire, D., Roddenberry, D., & O'Connor, M. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5490.350 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced sleep-dependent memory consolidation
Wamsley, E. J., Tucker, M., Payne, J. D., Benavides, J. A., & Stickgold, R. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.027 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Maquet, P., Smith, C. T., & Stickgold, R. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.001.0001 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Maintaining memories by reactivation
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2007) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.11.007 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Overnight alchemy: sleep-dependent memory evolution
Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2762-c1 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
REM and NREM sleep reports: comparison of word frequencies by cognitive classes
Antrobus, J. (1983) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03015.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
What are the memory sources of dreaming?
Nielsen, T. A., & Stenstrom, P. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04288 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Temporal sequence and unit composition in dream reports from different stages of sleep
Foulkes, D., & Schmidt, M. (1983) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/6.3.265 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Sleep’s Role in the Consolidation of Emotional Episodic Memories
Payne, J. D., & Kensinger, E. A. (2010) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721410383978 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Nielsen, T. A., Kuiken, D., Alain, G., Stenstrom, P., & Powell, R. A. (2004) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00421.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Stickgold, R., Malia, A., Fosse, R., Propper, R., & Hobson, J. A. (2001) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/24.2.171 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Wamsley, E. J., Perry, K., Djonlagic, I., Reaven, L. B., & Stickgold, R. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.1.59 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Memory, sleep, and dreaming: experiencing consolidation
Wamsley, E. J., & Stickgold, R. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2010.12.008 · Cited by 115 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Following Walker and Stickgold [25], we also predict that delayed incorporation dreams are more likely to occur later in the night than earlier.”
BackgroundInfluentialAre life episodes replayed during dreaming?
Schwartz, S. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00162-1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
THE INFLUENCE OF THE LABORATORY SITUATION ON THE DREAMS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECT
Dement, W. C., Kahn, E., & Roffwarg, H. P. (1965) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-196502000-00002 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Winget, C. N., & KRAMER, M. L. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Nielsen, T. A., & Powell, R. A. (1992) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/h0094348 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Memory Consolidation, The Diurnal Rhythm of Cortisol, And The Nature Of Dreams
Payne, J. D. (2010) · International Review of Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(10)92006-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Do memories consolidate to persist or do they persist to consolidate?
Medina, J. H., Bekinschtein, P., Cammarota, M., & Izquierdo, I. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Nikles, C. D., Brecht, D. L., Klinger, E., & Bursell, A. L. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.1.242 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Blagrove, M., Henley-Einion, J., Barnett, A., Edwards, D., & Heidi Seage, C. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.07.006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Schredl, M. (2008) · Heidelberg University Library · doi:10.11588/heidok.00008425 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Dream Experience: A Systematic Exploration
KRAMER, M. L. (2006) · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Nikles, C. D., Brecht, D. L., Klinger, E., et al. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.242 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The 'dream-lag' effect: a 6-day temporal delay in dream content incorporation.
Nielsen, T., & Powell, R. A. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sleep States, Memory Processing, and Dreams
Smith, C. T. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2010.01.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Temporal delays in incorporation of events into dreams
Powell, R. A., Cheung, J. S., Nielsen, T. A., & Cervenka, T. M. (1995) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1995.81.1.95 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Current concerns and REM-dreams: A laboratory study of dream incubation.
Saredi, R., Baylor, G. W., Meier, B., & Strauch, I. (1997) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/h0094474 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Rem Sleep Window and Memory Processing
Smith, C. T. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0007 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stickgold, R. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The dream experience, a systematic exploration
Gustafson, J. P. (2008) · Psychodynamic Practice · doi:10.1080/14753630801962584 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stickgold, R., Malia, A., Fosse, R., Propper, R. E., & Hobson, J. A. (2001) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/24.2.1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kookoolis, A., Pace-Schott, E. F., & McNamara, P. (2010) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/a0020640 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sleep States, Memory Processing, and Dreams
Smith, C. T. (2012) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2012.06.008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [6]Nielsen TA Powell RA 1992 The day-residue and dream-lag effects: A review and limited replication. Dreaming 2 67 77
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Calreticulin signaling in health and disease
Wang, W., Groenendyk, J., & Michalak, M. (2012) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2012.02.009 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Exploiting Knowledge on Leishmania Drug Resistance to Support the Quest for New Drugs
Hefnawy, A., Berg, M., Dujardin, J., & Muylder, G. D. (2016) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2016.11.003 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Dreaming and offline memory consolidation
Wamsley, E. J. (2014) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0433-5 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Malinowski, J., & Horton, C. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01132 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
van Rijn, E., Eichenlaub, J.-B., Lewis, P. A., Walker, M. P., Gaskell, M. G., Malinowski, J. E., & Blagrove, M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.009 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Apical drive-A cellular mechanism of dreaming?
Aru, J., Siclari, F., Phillips, W. A., & Storm, J. F. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.018 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization
Hoel, E. (2021) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2021.100244 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“itive tasks to show up in dreams, a form of "dream lag," and almost always these tasks appear in partial forms that are, again, only loosely similar (Blagrove et al., 2011).”
BackgroundHorton, C. L., & Malinowski, J. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00874 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Cipolli, C., Ferrara, M., De Gennaro, L., & Plazzi, G. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Why REM sleep? Clues beyond the laboratory in a more challenging world
Horne, J. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.10.010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Vallat, R., Chatard, B., Blagrove, M., & Ruby, P. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185262 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationEichenlaub, J.-B., van Rijn, E., Gaskell, M. G., Lewis, P. A., Maby, E., Malinowski, J. E., Walker, M. P., Boy, F., & Blagrove, M. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy041 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Continuity in studying the continuity hypothesis of dreaming is needed
Schredl, M. (2012) · International journal of dream research · doi:10.11588/ijodr.2012.1.9306 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Daily Life Experiences in Dreams and Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation
Eichenlaub, J.-B., Cash, S. S., & Blagrove, M. (2017) · Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_10 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationEdwards, C. L., Ruby, P. M., Malinowski, J. E., Bennett, P. D., & Blagrove, M. T. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00979 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSpotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams
Mangiaruga, A., Scarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., & De Gennaro, L. (2018) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s135762 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The memory sources of dreams: serial awakenings across sleep stages and time of night
Picard‐Deland, C., Konkoly, K. R., Raider, R., Paller, K. A., Nielsen, T., Pigeon, W. R., & Carr, M. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac292 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Human REM sleep: influence on feeding behaviour, with clinical implications
Horne, J. A. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.04.002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Malinowski, J. E., & Horton, C. L. (2021) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.103071 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dreaming and personality: Wake-dream continuity, thought suppression, and the Big Five Inventory
Malinowski, J. E. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.10.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gonzalez, A. M., Cerqueira, A., Guth, B. E., Coutinho, C. A., Liberal, M. H., Souza, R., & Andrade, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.13230 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Targeted memory reactivation has a sleep stage‐specific delayed effect on dream content
Picard‐Deland, C., & Nielsen, T. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13391 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Memory reactivations during sleep: a neural basis of dream experiences?
Picard‐Deland, C., Bernardi, G., Genzel, L., Dresler, M., & Schoch, S. F. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.02.006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Blagrove, M., Hale, S., Lockheart, J., Carr, M., Jones, A. L., & Valli, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01351 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Dreaming and waking cognition.
Graveline, Y. M., & Wamsley, E. J. (2015) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000018 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Distinguishing continuity/discontinuity, function and insight when investigating dream content
Blagrove, M. (2011) · International journal of dream research · doi:10.11588/ijodr.2011.2.9153 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Eichenlaub, J., van Rijn, E., Phelan, M., Ryder, L., Gaskell, M. G., Lewis, P. A., P. Walker, M., & Blagrove, M. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12697 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Role of cerebellum in sleep-dependent memory processes
Jackson, A., & Xu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2023.1154489 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Álvarez, J. P., Teneb, J., Maldonado, I., Weinberger, K., Rosas, C., David Lemus, A., Valck, C., Olivera‐Nappa, Á., Asenjo, J. A., & Ferreira, A. (2019) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2019.10.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Stickgold, R., & Wamsley, E. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00048-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zhang, W., & Guo, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01553 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Violent somnambulism: A parasomnia of young men with stereotyped dream-like experiences
Szűcs, A., Kamondi, A., Zoller, R., Barcs, G., Szabó, P., & Purebl, G. (2014) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.04.012 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Erdelyi, M. H. (2017) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/drm0000063 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The effect of time of night on wake–dream continuity.
Malinowski, J. E., & Horton, C. L. (2014) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/a0037817 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Exploring the range of reported dream lucidity
Mallett, R., Carr, M., Freegard, M., Konkoly, K. R., Bradshaw, C., & Schredl, M. (2021) · Philosophy and the Mind Sciences · doi:10.33735/phimisci.2021.63 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Topographic-dynamic reorganisation model of dreams (TRoD) – A spatiotemporal approach
Northoff, G., Scalabrini, A., & Fogel, S. M. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105117 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bloxham, A., & Horton, C. L. (2024) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2024.103719 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Henley, J., & Blagrove, M. (2014) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/a0036329 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dreams are made of memories, but maybe not for memory
Blagrove, M., Ruby, P. M., & Eichenlaub, J. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001222 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sikka, P., Engelbrektsson, H., Zhang, J., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.981289 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
van Rijn, E., Reid, A. M., Edwards, C. L., Malinowski, J., Ruby, P. M., Eichenlaub, J., & Blagrove, M. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.10.011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Crack e sonhos: a visão dos usuários
da Silva, T. R., & Nappo, S. A. (2019) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232018243.05072017 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Relationship Between Personality Types in MBTI and Dream Structure Variables
Zhao, C., Wang, J., Feng, X., & Shen, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01589 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stucky, B. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s506461 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Horton, C. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00259 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Interpretation of Dreams, and of Jokes
Erdelyi, M. H. (2014) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An Attempt at Matching Waking Events Into Dream Reports by Independent Judges
Wang, J. X., & Shen, H. Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00465 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dreaming outside the Box: Evidence for Memory Abstraction in REM Sleep
Konkoly, K. R., Picard‐Deland, C., Morris, D., & Mallett, R. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1374-23.2023 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dream content and intrusive thoughts in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Cavallotti, S., Casetta, C., Fanti, V., Gambini, O., Ostinelli, E. G., Ranieri, R., Vanelli, I., & D’Agostino, A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kauffmann, F., Dumetz, F., Hendrickx, S., Muraille, É., Dujardin, J., Maes, L. J. R. M., Magez, S., & Trez, C. D. (2016) · Parasite Immunology · doi:10.1111/pim.12316 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bygrave, H., Saranchuk, P., Makakole, L., & Ford, N. P. (2012) · International Health · doi:10.1016/j.inhe.2012.06.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dream Behavior and Dream Content in Healthy Persons
Schredl, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95453-0_4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Souza, G. V., Mota, N. B., Barros, A. K., & Ribeiro, S. T. G. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08429-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics of the influence of pre- or anticipated post-sleep stress on dream content
Baselgia, S., & Rasch, B. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109311 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beware of being captured by an analogy: Dreams are like many things
Erdelyi, M. H. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001313 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Schredl, M. (2013) · International journal of dream research · doi:10.11588/ijodr.2013.0.10874 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sikka, P., Tuominen, J., Ezquerro‐Nassar, A., Kirberg, M., Loukola, V., Revonsuo, A., Valli, K., Windt, J., Bekinschtein, T. A., & Noreika, V. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bk4tn · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Memory reactivations during sleep: a neural basis of dream experiences?Preprint
Picard‐Deland, C., Bernardi, G., Genzel, L., Dresler, M., & Schoch, S. F. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yncxe · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kumar, G., Naaz, S., Jabin, N., Sasidharan, A., Nagendra, R. P., Yadav, R., & Kutty, B. M. (2025) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2025.103869 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cipolli, C., & Gennaro, L. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54359-4_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gemstone of analysis: Significance of interpretation of dreams in analytic process
Blazhina, I. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine and General Practice · doi:10.26766/pmgp.v6i1.300 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The modulation of emotional memory consolidation by dream affect
du Plessis, L., & Lipinska, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1239530 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Content and frequency of dream reports : psychological and neurophysiological correlates
Vallat, R. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7c390b38z9260z414bzbabdz2b316eacbb17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Sleep-Wake System and Alzheimer's Disease
Sharon, D. (2015) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8478-2.ch015
Horne, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30572-1_13
Dream emotionality. Selected formal properties of dreams
Grzywacz, K. (2015) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1515/ppb-2015-0047
The Associative Deficit in Aging: Insights from Task and Resting State Functional Neuroimaging
Saverino, C. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Hau, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_577-1
Autistic Dreaming: a phenomenological study of dreaming and well-being
Pindar, S.-A. (2019) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00319
Hau, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_577
The dying-moment dream hypothesis: heaven and hell as the brain’s final dream
Kayış, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1766053
Williams, J. M., Bourgin, J., Varennes, J., Pedreni, M., Bulinski, M., Blagrove, M., & Eichenlaub, J. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-48302-y
Ambresin, G., Fischmann, T., & Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1778793
Fischmann, T., Ambresin, G., & Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M. (2026) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351690.2026.2671615
- Authors
- Blagrove, M., Fouquet, N. C., Henley-Einion, J. A., Pace-Schott, E. F., Davies, A. C., Neuschaffer, J. L., & Turnbull, O. H.
- Affiliations
- Swansea University (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blagrove, Mark
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-10-26
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e26708
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3202556
- OpenAlex
- W2044514074
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- memory consolidation, REM sleep, dream narrative, emotional memory consolidation, sleep-dependent memory
- MeSH terms
- Dreams, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM, Time Factors, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
