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Antifungal therapy with an emphasis on biofilms
Open accessAbstract
Fungal infections are on the rise as advances in modern medicine prolong the lives of severely ill patients. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms and there are a limited number of targets for antifungal drug development; as a result the antifungal arsenal is exceedingly limited. Azoles, polyenes and echinocandins constitute the mainstay of antifungal therapy for patients with life-threatening mycoses. One of the main factors complicating antifungal therapy is the formation of fungal biofilms, microbial communities displaying resistance to most antifungal agents. A better understanding of fungal biofilms provides for new opportunities for the development of urgently needed novel antifungal agents and strategies.
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“sessile cells show high levels of tolerance to antifungal therapy as compared to their planktonic counterparts [21,22].”
From Antifungal therapy of Candida biofilms: Past, present and future (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
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Lactoferrin Is Broadly Active against Yeasts and Highly Synergistic with Amphotericin B
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“There are still a limited number of antifungal classes commercially available, many of which have the same mechanism of action, as a result of the few targets so far known in the fungal cell (Pierce et al. 2013).”
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“Nystatin (Sigma-Aldrich, São Paulo, SP) and amphotericinB (Sigma-Aldrich, São Paulo, SP)were used as positive controls [30, 31]; the involvement of the cellular membrane was established as the mechanism of action when the MIC attained by the test substance in the presence of ergosterol was higher than the one attained…”
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BackgroundTwelve formyl phloroglucinol meroterpenoids from the leaves of Eucalyptus robusta
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“Unfortunately, the mortality rates associated with these fungal infections remain unacceptably high, which clearly points to the many limitations of current antifungal therapy, including the limited armamentarium of antifungal agents, their inherent toxicity, and the emergence of resistance (2 – 4).”
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“Amphotericin B is themost common polyene antifungal agent applied in medicine to treat a broad range of fungal infections (Pierce et al., 2013).”
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“These studies have reported the discovery of nonazole compounds (11, 13), immunosuppressive drugs (14), tunicamycin (15), and farnesol (16), among others.”
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“This class of antifungals act by inhibiting β-1,3-glucan synthesis [1,100,105], which affects cell wall and matrix composition.”
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“All rights reserved Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article-abstract/70/3/423/568625 by guest on 27 July 2018 a major virulence factor during candidiasis (Saville et al., 2003; Kadosh & Lopez-Ribot, 2013).”
Self-citationFuture therapies targeted towards eliminatingCandidabiofilms and associated infections
Bandara, N., Matsubara, V. H., & Samaranayake, L. P. (2016) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2017.1268530 · Cited by 29
Zoysa, G. H. D., Glossop, H. D., & Sarojini, V. (2018) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.023 · Cited by 28
Meng, L., Zhao, H., Zhao, S., Sun, X., Zhang, M., & Deng, Y. (2019) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01891-18 · Cited by 29
“rely almost entirely on limited conventional antifungal agents, such as polyenes, which usually kill the pathogenic cells directly, and azoles that inhibit 14 -demethylation of lanosterol in ergosterol biosynthetic pathway (27, 28).”
BackgroundSong, S., Sun, X., Meng, L., Wu, Q., Wang, K., & Deng, Y. (2020) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13601 · Cited by 27
“Currently, the clinical treatments for candidiasis are almost totally dependent on a limited number of traditional antifungal drugs, such as nystatin, which normally kill pathogens directly (Odds et al., 2003; Pierce et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCombination of Posaconazole and Amphotericin B in the Treatment of Candida glabrata Biofilms
Rodrigues, C. F., Alves, D. F., & Henriques, M. (2018) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms6040123 · Cited by 26
da Collina, G. A., Freire, F., Barbosa, V. D. S., Correa, C. B., Nascimento, H. R., Horliana, A. C. R. T., da Silva, D. D. F. T., Prates, R. A., & Pavani, C. (2019) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101612 · Cited by 24
Antifungal treatment strategies and their impact on resistance development in clinical settings
van Rhijn, N., & White, P. L. (2025) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkaf382 · Cited by 27
Curcumin nanoparticles: the topical antimycotic suspension treating oral candidiasis
Anwar, S. K., Elmonaem, S. N. A., Moussa, E. M., Aboulela, A., & Essawy, M. M. (2022) · Odontology · doi:10.1007/s10266-022-00742-4 · Cited by 21
“Studies have searched for novel antifungal drugs against these unmanageable fungal infections [7, 8].”
BackgroundLearning the ABC of oral fungal drug resistance
Cannon, R. D., & Holmes, A. R. (2015) · Molecular Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1111/omi.12109 · Cited by 20
Kočendová, J., Vaňková, E., Volejníková, A., Nešuta, O., Buděšı́nský, M., Socha, O., Hájek, M., Hadravová, R., & Čeřovský, V. (2019) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1093/femsyr/foz013 · Cited by 20
Chang, D. H., Lee, M., Wang, N., Lynn, D. M., & Palecek, S. P. (2023) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00468 · Cited by 20
Romo, J. A., Pierce, C. G., Esqueda, M., Hung, C.-Y., Saville, S. P., & Lopez-Ribot, J. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00227 · Cited by 19
Self-citationRepositioning Antimicrobial Peptides Against WHO‐Priority Fungi
Roque‐Borda, C. A., Medina‐Alarcón, K. P., Pereira, J. P. S. G., Sevilhano, T. C. D. A., Aguilar‐Morón, B., Díaz‐Cárdenas, F., da Cruz, L. S., Júnior, F. H. X., Vicente, E. F., Perdigão, J., et al. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202509567 · Cited by 20
Alves, A. M. C. V., Lopes, B. O., Leite, A. C. R. D. M., Cruz, G. S., de Brito, É. H. S., de Lima, L. F., Černáková, L., Azevedo, N. F., & Rodrigues, C. F. (2023) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics12050797 · Cited by 19
“albicans morphogenesis and exposure to antifungal agents [37,38].”
BackgroundBrilhante, R. S. N., Silva, N. F., Marques, F. J. D. F., Castelo‐Branco, D. D. S. C. M., de Lima, R. A. C., Malaquias, Â. D. M., Caetano, É. P., Riello, G. B. C., Camargo, Z. P. D., Rodrigues, A. M., et al. (2014) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1093/mmy/myu085 · Cited by 17
“Despite the introduction of new antifungal drugs in recent years, the response to therapy particularly in immunocompromised patients remains unsatisfactory, since the frequency of fungal infections has rapidly increased [24].”
BackgroundOliveira, A. J. D. M. S., de Castro, R. D., Pêssoa, H. D. L. F., Wadood, A., & de Sousa, D. P. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/9209676 · Cited by 16
Vellanki, S., Garcia, A., & Lee, S. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.588913 · Cited by 15
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“33–267; it is established in the literature that an antimicrobial compound is considered bactericidal/fungicidal when the ratio of MBC (or MFC)/MIC ≤ 4 [35,36].”
BackgroundMicro- and Nanoscale Approaches in Antifungal Drug Discovery
Willaert, R. (2018) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation4020043 · Cited by 18
Ranđelović, M., Dimitrijević, M., Otašević, S., Stanojevic, L. P., Išljamović, M., Ignjatović, A., Arsić-Arsenijević, V. S., & Stojanović-Radić, Z. Z. (2023) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9111080 · Cited by 14
“While FLU targets the de novo synthesis of ergosterol by affecting the enzymes of this process, NY binds the ergosterol already present in the fungal cells and consequently damages already-formed biofilm [71].”
BackgroundZhao, S., Huang, J., Sun, X., Huang, X., Fu, S., Yang, L., Liu, X., He, F., & Deng, Y. (2018) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13307 · Cited by 12
“cans relies on limited drugs, which are usually composed of three major classes: polyenes, azoles and echinocandins (Odds et al., 2003; Pierce et al., 2013).”
BackgroundKischkel, B., Boniche-Alfaro, C., Menezes, I. D. G., Rossi, S. A., Angeli, C. B., de Almeida, S. R., Palmisano, G., Lopes-Bezerra, L. M., Nosanchuk, J. D., & Taborda, C. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.764501 · Cited by 12
“One of the biggest challenges in the development of vaccines or immunotherapies targeting fungal pathogens comes from the fact that these organisms are complex eukaryotic cells and many candidate proteins show some level of similarity to human proteins (5).”
BackgroundPrevention of hospital pathogen biofilm formation by antimicrobial peptide KWI18
Lima, L. S., Ramalho, S. R., Sandim, G. C., Parisotto, E. B., Sardi, J. D. C. O., & Macedo, M. L. R. (2022) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105791 · Cited by 12
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“tective effect of the ECM matrix (15, 18, 19), and upregulation of genes encoding drug”
BackgroundThe Activity of Fungichromin against the Formation of Candida albicans Biofilm
An, D., Wang, X., Li, J., Jiang, S., Ma, X., Zhang, H., Shi, H., Sun, H., Ye, L., & Li, J. (2016) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.b16-00380 · Cited by 9
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“[13], often leading to therapeutic failure and by extension contributing to excess mortality [14].”
Roberts, D. M., Thomas, J. E., Salmon, J. H., Cubeta, M. A., Stapelmann, K., & Gilger, B. C. (2024) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001858 · Cited by 8
“Recently, there has been increased interest in the role of biofilm formation as a resistance mechanism in pathogenic filamentous fungi [19].”
Farmakiotis, D., Tarrand, J. J., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2014) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00051-14 · Cited by 8
“However, echinocandins have superior cidal activity in biofilms, compared with azoles (15).”
BackgroundUpdate on the Fungal Biofilm Drug Resistance and Its Alternative Treatment
Tseung, K. S. Y. N. H., & Zhao, J. (2016) · Journal of Biosciences and Medicines · doi:10.4236/jbm.2016.45004 · Cited by 8
“The mainstay antifungal therapy constitutes of polyene, azoles and echinocandins [6].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pierce, C. G., Srinivasan, A., Uppuluri, P., Ramasubramanian, A. K., & López-Ribot, J. L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at San Antonio (US)
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 726-730
- ISSN
- 1471-4892 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3795934
- OpenAlex
- W2076025899
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01DE023510)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- antifungal therapy, fungal biofilms, antifungal resistance, azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, fungal infection, antifungal drug development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antifungal Agents, Fungi, Humans, Mycoses, Biofilms, Drug Resistance, Fungal
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