Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for MR imaging and therapy: design considerations and clinical applications
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful non-invasive tool in biomedical imaging, clinical diagnosis and therapy. In this review, the physicochemical properties of SPION and their in vivo performance were thoroughly discussed, also covering how surface engineering will prolong the circulation time and overcome biological barriers at organ, tissue, and cellular levels. Clinical applications and future potentials of SPION based MR imaging in cancer, cardiovascular, and inflammation diseases were addressed. Targeting mechanisms of SPION in both research and clinical use were summarized for better understanding of their performance. Addition of new targeting mechanisms to clinically approved SPION will bring opportunities to discover early diseases at cellular and molecular levels, and to track MRI-visible drug carriers. Clinical trial information related to SPION on Clinicaltrials.gov was summarized mainly based on their disease categories, therapeutic applications and clinical trial stages. It gives us a brief outlook of their clinical applications in the near future.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many iron oxide nanoparticles have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials, and several have reached the market.
“Many iron oxide nanoparticles have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials, and several of them have reached the market (Table 1) [4, 22–26].”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Upon surface modification, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) can be employed for magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, targeted delivery of drugs, proteins, antibodies and nucleic acids, hyperthermia, biosensing, tissue repair, and separation of biomolecules.
“Upon surface-modification, the resulting superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) can be employed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [4–8], magnetic particle imaging (MPI) [9–12], targeted delivery of drugs, proteins, antibodies, and nucleic acids [6, 7, 13, 14], hyperthermia [15–17], biosensing [18], tissue repair [19], and separation of biomolecules [20].”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Cites
Long-Circulating and Target-Specific Nanoparticles: Theory to Practice
Moghimi, S. M., Hunter, A. C., & Murray, J. C. (2001) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01494-7 · Cited by 3,521 · see citing works
Imaging in the era of molecular oncology
Weissleder, R., & Pittet, M. J. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06917 · Cited by 2,365 · see citing works
Andrews, N. C. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199912233412607 · Cited by 2,130 · see citing works
Nanoparticle PEGylation for Imaging and Therapy
Jokerst, J. V., Lobovkina, T., Zare, R. N., & Gambhir, S. S. (2011) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm.11.19 · Cited by 2,054 · see citing works
Hentze, M. W., Muckenthaler, M. U., & Andrews, N. C. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00343-5 · Cited by 1,736 · see citing works
Wang, Y.-X. J., Hussain, S. M., & Krestin, G. P. (2001) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s003300100908 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
PLGA nanoparticles containing various anticancer agents and tumour delivery by EPR effect
Acharya, S., & Sahoo, S. K. (2010) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2010.10.008 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works
High-Efficiency Intracellular Magnetic Labeling with Novel Superparamagnetic-Tat Peptide Conjugates
Josephson, L., Tung, C., Moore, A. V., & Weissleder, R. (1999) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc980125h · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Imaging macrophages with nanoparticles
Weissleder, R., Nahrendorf, M., & Pittet, M. J. (2014) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3780 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Superparamagnetic iron oxide based MRI contrast agents: Current status of clinical application.
Wáng, Y. X. J. (2011) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2011.08.03 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Tassa, C., Shaw, S. Y., & Weissleder, R. (2011) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar200084x · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Surface Engineering of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Kievit, F. M., & Zhang, M. (2011) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar2000277 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Surface-Engineered Magnetic Nanoparticle Platforms for Cancer Imaging and Therapy
Xie, J., Liu, G., Eden, H. S., Ai, H., & Chen, X. S. (2011) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar200044b · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Self-citationLing, D., Park, W., Park, S., Lü, Y., Kim, K. S., Hackett, M., Kim, B. H., Yim, H., Jeon, Y. S., Na, K., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja4108287 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis of Nanoparticles of Various Shapes
Vácha, R., Martínez‐Veracoechea, F. J., & Frenkel, D. (2011) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl2030213 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Tracking immune cells in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging
Ahrens, E. T., & Bulte, J. W. M. (2013) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3531 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Chouly, C., Pouliquen, D., Lucet, I., Jeune, J. J. L., & JALLET, P. (1996) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.3109/02652049609026013 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Magnetite-loaded polymeric micelles as ultrasensitive magnetic-resonance probes
Ai, H., Flask, C., Weinberg, B., Shuai, X. ‐., Pagel, M. D., Farrell, D., Duerk, J., & Gao, J. (2005) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200401904 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, J., Bu, L., Xie, J., Chen, K., Cheng, Z., Li, X., & Chen, X. S. (2010) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn101643u · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences
(2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527610419 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Manganese ferrite nanoparticle micellar nanocomposites as MRI contrast agent for liver imaging
Lu, J., Shu-li, M., Sun, J., Xia, C., Liu, C., Wang, Z., Zhao, X., Gao, F., Gong, Q., Song, B., et al. (2009) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.02.001 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citationNanomedicines and nanotoxicology: some physiological principles
Garnett, M. C., & Kallinteri, P. (2006) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kql052 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Room-Temperature Gating of Molecular Junctions Using Few-Layer Graphene Nanogap Electrodes
Prins, F., Barreiro, A., Ruitenberg, J. W., et al. (2011) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl202065x · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Bourrinet, P., Bengele, H. H., Bonnemain, B., Dencausse, A., Idée, J., Jacobs, P. M., & Lewis, J. M. (2006) · Investigative Radiology · doi:10.1097/01.rli.0000197669.80475.dd · Cited by 335 · see citing works
A Nanoparticle Size Series for In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging
Popović, Z., Liu, W., Chauhan, V. P., Lee, J., Wong, C., Greytak, A. B., Insin, N., Nocera, D. G., Fukumura, D., Jain, R. K., et al. (2010) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201003142 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Lee, H., Yu, M. K., Park, S.-J., Moon, S., Min, J. J., Jeong, Y. Y., Kang, H.-W., & Jon, S. (2007) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja072210i · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Lee, G. Y., Qian, W. P., Wang, L., Wang, Y. A., Staley, C. A., Satpathy, M., Nie, S., Mao, H. Z., & Yang, L. P. H. (2013) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn3043463 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Targeting dendritic cells with nano-particulate PLGA cancer vaccine formulations
Hamdy, S. I., Haddadi, A., Hung, R., & Lavasanifar, A. (2011) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.021 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Huang, R., Han, L., Ke, W., Shao, K., Ye, L., Lou, J., & Jiang, C. (2009) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.02.051 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Maccioni, F., Bruni, A. D. C., Viscido, A., et al. (2006) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2381040244 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Yang, Q., Jones, S. W., Parker, C. L., Zamboni, W. C., Bear, J. E., & Lai, S. K. (2014) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp400703d · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Neuwelt, E. A., Hamilton, B. E., Varallyay, C. G., Rooney, W. R., Edelman, R. D., Jacobs, P. M., & Watnick, S. G. (2009) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2008.496 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Coating thickness of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles affects R2 relaxivity
LaConte, L. E. W., Nitin, N., Zurkiya, O., Caruntu, D., O’Connor, C. J., Hu, X. P., & Bao, G. (2007) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.21194 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Muthiah, M., Park, I., & Cho, C. (2013) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.005 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Lee, N., Kim, H., Choi, S. H., Park, M., Kim, D., Kim, H., Choi, Y., Lin, S., Kim, B. H., Jung, H. S., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1016409108 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Kawamura, M., Miyagawa, S., Fukushima, S., Saito, A., Miki, K., Ito, E., Sougawa, N., Kawamura, T., Daimon, T., Shimizu, T., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.000366 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Soenen, S. J., Himmelreich, U., Nuytten, N., Pisanic, T. R., Ferrari, A., & Cuyper, M. D. (2010) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201000763 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Kievit, F. M., Stephen, Z. R., Omid Veiseh, A., Arami, H., Wang, T., Phan-Lai, V., Park, J. O., Ellenbogen, R. G., Disis, M. L., & Zhang, M. (2012) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn205070h · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Ding, H., & Ma, Y. (2012) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.055 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Layer-by-layer capsules for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery
Ai, H. (2011) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.013 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationMorishige, K., Kacher, D. F., Libby, P., Josephson, L., Ganz, P., Weissleder, R., & Aikawa, M. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.891804 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Klenk, C., Gawande, R. S., Uslu, L., Khurana, A., Qiu, D., Quon, A. S. W., Donig, J., Rosenberg, J., Luna‐Fineman, S., Moseley, M. E., et al. (2014) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70021-x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Labeling of immune cells for in vivo imaging using magnetofluorescent nanoparticles
Pittet, M. J., Świrski, F. K., REYNOLDS, F. H., Josephson, L., & Weissleder, R. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.11 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Ansari, C., Tikhomirov, G. A., Hong, S. H., Falconer, R. A., Loadman, P. M., Gill, J. H., Castaneda, R., Hazard, F. K., Tong, L., Lenkov, O. D., et al. (2013) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201301456 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Liu, G., Wang, Z., Lu, J., Xia, C., Gao, F., Gong, Q., Song, B., Zhao, X., Shuai, X., Chen, X., et al. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.099 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationMelancon, M. P., Lü, W., Zhong, M., Zhou, M., Liang, G., Elliott, A. M., Hazle, J. D., Myers, J. N., Li, C., & Stafford, R. J. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.039 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
MR angiography with blood pool contrast agents
Bremerich, J., Bilecen, D., & Reimer, P. (2007) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-007-0712-0 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Zhu, L., Wang, D., Wei, X., Zhu, X., Li, J., Tu, C., Su, Y., Wu, J., Zhu, B., & Yan, D. (2013) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.02.015 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Calero, M., Gutiérrez, L., Salas, G., Luengo, Y., Lázaro-Carrillo, A., Acedo, P., Morales, M. P., Miranda, R., & Villanueva, Á. (2013) · Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.nano.2013.11.010 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Synthesis of Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxides Using Reduced Polysaccharides
Paul, K. G., Frigo, T. B., Groman, J. Y., & Groman, E. (2004) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc034194u · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Saraswathy, A., Nazeer, S. S., Jeevan, M., Nimi, N., Sabareeswaran, A., Sreelatha, H. V., Varma, P. R. H., & Jayasree, R. S. (2014) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.034 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Lee, M. J.-E., Omid Veiseh, A., Bhattarai, N., Sun, C., Hansen, S. J., Ditzler, S. H., Knoblaugh, S. E., Lee, D., Ellenbogen, R. G., Zhang, M., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009536 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
McAteer, M. A., Akhtar, A. M., Mühlen, C. V. Z., & Choudhury, R. P. (2009) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.10.009 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Iron Oxide‐Labeled Collagen Scaffolds for Non‐Invasive MR Imaging in Tissue Engineering
Mertens, M. E., Hermann, A., Bühren, A., Olde‐Damink, L., Möckel, D., Gremse, F., Ehling, J., Kiessling, F., & Lammers, T. (2014) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201301275 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Abdalla, M. O. A., Karna, P., Sajja, H. K., Mao, H. Z., Yates, C. C., Turner, T., & Aneja, R. (2010) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.030 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Al Faraj, A., Sultana Shaik, A., Afzal, S., Al Sayed, B., & Halwani, R. (2014) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s59394 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Zhou, H., Belzile, O., Thorpe, P. E., & Zhao, D. (2014) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.043 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Renal Inflammation: Targeted Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Molecular MR Imaging in Mice
Serkova, N. J., Renner, B., Larsen, B. A., Stoldt, C. R., Hasebroock, K. M., Bradshaw‐Pierce, E. L., Holers, V. M., & Thurman, J. M. (2010) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.09091134 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
ElBayoumi, T. A., & Torchilin, V. P. (2008) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp8001528 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Juillerat‐Jeanneret, L., Kenzaoui, H., Vila, Miquel, & Cengelli (2012) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s26865 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Tumor targeting using magnetic nanoparticle Hsp70 conjugate in a model of C6 glioma
Shevtsov, M. A., Yakovleva, L. Y., Nikolaev, B. P., Marchenko, Y., Добродумов, А. В., Onokhin, K., Onokhina, Y. S., Selkov, S. А., Михрина, А. Л., Guzhova, I. V., et al. (2013) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/not141 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Barker, A. J., Cage, B., Russek, S. E., et al. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.2058191 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
New approaches to neuroimaging of central nervous system inflammation
Stoll, G., & Bendszus, M. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e328337f4b5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Role of Carbohydrate Receptors in the Macrophage Uptake of Dextran-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Chao, Y. S., Karmali, P. P., & Simberg, D. (2011) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2555-3_11 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ladewig, G., Jestaedt, L., Misselwitz, B., Solymosi, L., Toyka, K. V., Bendszus, M., & Stoll, G. (2009) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.027 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Targeted RGD nanoparticles for highly sensitive in vivo integrin receptor imaging
Lin, R., Dayananda, K., Chen, T., et al. (2012) · Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1002/cmmi.457 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Jung, M. J., Lee, S. S., Hwang, Y. H., et al. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.070 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Shahbazi-Gahrouei, D., & Abdolahi, M. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/609151 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Zhao, Q. C., Langley, J. A., Lee, S., et al. (2010) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.1608 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lorenzato, C., Cernicanu, A., Meyre, M.-E., Germain, M., Pottier, A., Lévy, L., de Senneville, B. D., Bos, C., MOONEN, C. T. W., & Смирнов, П. В. (2012) · Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1002/cmmi.1515 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Briley-Saebo, K. C., Xie, J., Ruihua, Z., Wang, Z., He, C., Tang, C. Y., & Tao, X. (2014) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.13122254 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
He, Y., Song, W., Lei, J., Li, Z., Cao, J., Huang, S., Meng, J., Xu, H., Jin, Z., & Xue, H. (2012) · Acta Radiologica · doi:10.1258/ar.2012.120055 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Adipose Tissue Macrophages: MR Tracking to Monitor Obesity-associated Inflammation
Luciani, A., Dechoux, S., Deveaux, V., Poirier‐Quinot, M., Luciani, N., Lévy, M., Ballet, S., Manin, S., Péchoux, C., Autret, G., et al. (2012) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.12111957 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bierry, G., Jehl, F., Boehm, N., et al. (2009) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-009-1319-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Gong, M., Zhang, D., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.03.034 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles of Iron Oxides for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications
Idée, J., Port, M., Raynal, I., Schaefer, M., Bonnemain, B., Prigent, P., Robert, P., Pujolle-Robic, C., & Corot, C. (2003) · Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9783527610419.ntls0108 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications
Dadfar, S. M., Roemhild, K., Drude, N. I., von Stillfried, S., Knüchel, R., Kiessling, F., & Lammers, T. (2019) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.005 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Magnetic nanoparticles for environmental and biomedical applications: a review
Mohammed, L., Gomaa, H. G., Ragab, D., & Zhu, J. (2017) · Particuology · doi:10.1016/j.partic.2016.06.001 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Aggregation effects on the magnetic properties of iron oxide colloids
Gutiérrez, L., de la Cueva, L., Moros, M., Mazarío, E., de Bernardo, S., de la Fuente, J. M., Morales, M. P., & Salas, G. (2019) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/aafbff · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The use of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer theranostics: Toward handheld diagnostic devices
Hajba, L., & Guttman, A. (2016) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Exploring the Potential of Nanotherapeutics in Targeting Tumor Microenvironment for Cancer Therapy
Muntimadugu, E., Kommineni, N., & Khan, W. (2017) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.010 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jin, R., Lin, B., Li, D., & Ai, H.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ai, Hua
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 18
- Pages
- 18-27
- ISSN
- 1471-4892 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2020214628
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2012BAI23B08, 2013CB933903)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51173117, 20974065, 50830107)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, MRI contrast agents, surface engineering, circulation time, biological barriers, targeting mechanisms, tumor imaging, cardiovascular imaging, inflammation imaging, drug carriers, clinical trials
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Contrast Media, Ferric Compounds, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Surface Properties, Drug Design, Metal Nanoparticles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
