Cited by 201Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsDigital Mental Health InterventionsMobile Health and mHealth Applications

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The future of mindfulness training is digital, and the future is now

Mrazek, Alissa J, Mrazek, Michael D, Cherolini, Casey M, Cloughesy, Jonathan N, Cynman, David J, Gougis, Lefeba J, Landry, Alex P, Reese, Jordan V, Schooler, Jonathan W·2019·Current Opinion in Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.012

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Abstract

Digital mindfulness-based interventions (d-MBIs) present a promising path for the scalable dissemination of mindfulness instruction in the 21st century. Smartphone applications and web-based platforms can offer potential advantages over traditional face-to-face formats through enhanced accessibility, standardization, personalization, and efficacy of mindfulness training. A growing body of research has documented that a digital approach to teaching mindfulness can improve measures of attention, stress, depression, and anxiety. However, effective digital mindfulness instruction must overcome a variety of challenges, including the possibility of low engagement, shallow learning, and unaddressed obstacles or frustrations. Fortunately, best practices from multiple fields of research provide strategies to overcome these challenges.

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Background
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The Effectiveness of a Nonguided Mindfulness App on Perceived Stress in a Nonclinical Dutch Population: Randomized Controlled Trial
Kranenburg, L. W., Gillis, J., Mayer, B., & Hoogendijk, W. J. G. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/32123 · Cited by 12
“Mindfulness practice has become increasingly popular, both in the general public [1,2] and in health care [3].”
Digital mindfulness-based intervention for people with COPD – a multicentre pilot and feasibility RCT
Tschenett, H., Vafai-Tabrizi, F., Zwick, R. H., Valipour, A., Funk, G., & Nater, U. M. (2025) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-025-03243-4 · Cited by 13
“Not quickly, because I used to get up quickly and (…) I can’t do it anymore because of the air” (ID 41).”
The engagement of tertiary students with an online mental health intervention during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A feasibility study
Pascoe, M. C., Dash, S. R., Pogrmilović, B. K., Patten, R. K., & Parker, A. G. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221117746 · Cited by 10
“Further, in the current study, we were unable to personalise the programme to individual students, which has previously been demonstrated to facilitate sustained engagement with digital interventions.(20) Therefore, future initiatives might consider embedding telehealth or digital mental health promotion strategies wi…”
Background
Cognitive, psychological, and physiological effects of a web-based mindfulness intervention in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: an open study
Galluzzi, S., Lanfredi, M., Moretti, D. V., Rossi, R., Meloni, S., Tomasoni, E., Frisoni, G. B., Chiesa, A., & Pievani, M. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04766-z · Cited by 14
“The value of internet-based delivery has been underscored, even in the context of MBIs [17], and their beneficial effects have been demonstrated during the COVID-19 crisis [18–20].”
Background
The uptake and outcomes of an online self-help mindfulness programme during COVID-19
Li, I., Chen, A. Z., Newby, J. M., Kladnitski, N., Haskelberg, H., Millard, M., & Mahoney, A. (2022) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2022.2045866 · Cited by 12
An Online Mindfulness Program for Teachers: A Feasibility Study of the DeStress Monday at School Program
Mendelson, T., Webb, L., Artola, A., Molinaro, M., & Sibinga, E. M. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02142-3 · Cited by 16
“Online mindfulness programming holds promise for addressing these feasibility concerns and has been found in emerging research to provide benefits for various populations (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Background
The effect of brief digital mindfulness-based interventions on increasing online charitable behavior in Chinese adolescents
Hong, M., Liang, D., Lu, T., & Liu, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213089 · Cited by 10
Evidence Review for Preventing Osteoarthritis After an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An Osteoarthritis Action Alliance Consensus Statement
Osteoarthritis Action Alliance, S. P. T. G., Driban, J. B., Vincent, H. K., Trojian, T. H., Ambrose, K., Baez, S., Beresic, N. J., Berkoff, D. J., Callahan, L. F., Cohen, B. S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0504.22 · Cited by 10
Mindfulness based stress reduction: A randomised trial of a virtual human, teletherapy, and a chatbot
Karhiy, M., Sagar, M. A., Antoni, M., Loveys, K., & Broadbent, E. (2023) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW) · doi:10.1109/aciiw59127.2023.10388195 · Cited by 11
“These are becoming the predominant way people access mindfulness interventions, and there is emerging evidence for their benefits [7].”
Background
Mindful eating for overweight and obese women in Brazil: An exploratory mixed-methods pilot study.
Salvo, V., Sanudo, A., Kristeller, J., Schveitzer, M. C., Martins, P., Favarato, M. L., & Demarzo, M. (2022) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060211052794 · Cited by 8
“For the future, regardless of the pandemic, offering these interventions online, with all the methodological care and adaptations required for this modality, could benefit many people (Mrazek et al., 2019; Sansom et al., 2020).”
Background
Mindfulness, Emotions and Leadership
Ayoko, O. B. (2023) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2023.26 · Cited by 7
A randomized controlled pilot trial of brief online mindfulness training in young drivers
Albert, D. A., Ouimet, M. C., & Brown, T. G. (2023) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2023.107322 · Cited by 8
Can Digital Mindfulness Stimulate the Effects of EFL Learners’ Cognitive Awareness on Cognitive Load in Computer Assisted Writing Classrooms?
Wang, S. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2353449 · Cited by 11
“DMFN encompasses a set of practices and techniques aimed at fostering mindfulness in the digital age (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Attention training improves the self-reported focus and emotional regulation of high school students.
Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Brown, C. S., Karimi, S. S., Ji, R. R., Ortega, J. R., Maul, A., Carr, P. C., Delegard, A. M., Kirk, A. C., et al. (2022) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000092 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Effect of mindfulness-based meditation on blood pressure among adults with elevated blood pressure and hypertension: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Mir, I. A., John, A. T., Humayra, S., Khan, Q. I., Chong, T. F., & Manan, H. A. (2024) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103084 · Cited by 8
Art education and sensitive tolos innovation project in the training of early childhood education teachers
Manrique, I. L. (2021) · Linguistics and Culture Review · doi:10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1728 · Cited by 8
“Music Therapy and Mindfulness favouring moments of relaxation for the students (Mrazek et al., 2019; Baer, 2019).”
Background
Development of Therapeutic Alliance and Social Presence in a Digital Intervention for Pediatric Concussion: Qualitative Exploratory Study
O'Kane, K. M. K., Otamendi, T., Silverberg, N. D., Choi, E., Sicard, V., Zemek, R., Healey, K., Brown, O., Butterfield, L., Smith, A., et al. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/49133 · Cited by 7
“However, numerous studies have noted particularly high attrition rates for self-guided digital interventions, which researchers have suggested are because of their limited human contact and lack of social support [12,17,18].”
Background
High-performance connections: Digital holism and communicative capitalism at HappyAppy
Islam, G., Pillet, J., Navazhylava, K., & Barros, M. P. F. D. (2021) · Organization · doi:10.1177/13505084211057260 · Cited by 7
“…initiatives such as Google’s “Search Inside Yourself” program (LoRusso, 2017), and similar physical and spiritual practices such as yoga (Peticca-Harris et al., 2020b) and mindfulness (Purser, 2019), which increasingly involved digitalized variants (cf., Mrazek et al., 2019; Przegalinska, 2019).”
Background
Validation of online mindfulness-enhanced course for stress reduction in teachers
Ye, Q., Huang, Y., Ge, X., & Song, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1086142 · Cited by 13
“However, it should be noted that low engagement is one of the challenges of existing online mindfulness intervention products (21).”
Background
Enablers and Barriers of Online Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Informal Carers: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review
Mudiyanselage, C. A. K. R. A., Ewens, B. A., Smyth, A. M., Dickson, J. M., & Ang, S. G. M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02365-y · Cited by 7
“Asynchronous online applications, in particular, enable participants to access the course at their convenience (Mrazek et al., 2019), maintain their privacy (Price-Blackshear et al., 2020), and select activities based on individual preferences (Huberty et al., 2019).”
Taking charge: Characterizing the rapid development of self-regulation through intensive training
Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Maul, A., Mrazek, K. L., & Schooler, J. W. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320909856 · Cited by 7
“Based on our prior work (Mrazek et al., 2019), we predicted that participants would continue to encounter temptations but would become more skilled in resisting them.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Do Brief Mindfulness Interventions (BMI) and Health Enhancement Programs (HEP) Improve Sleep in Patients in Hemodialysis with Depression and Anxiety?
Lavín, P., Nazar, R., Nassim, M., Noble, H. R., Solomonova, E., Dikaios, E., Novák, M., Mucsi, I., Trinh, E., Potes, A., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9111410 · Cited by 8
“Recent findings [29,30] have suggested that awareness and acceptance could be the mechanisms of mindfulness interventions in improving sleep quality, partly via reducing psychological stress.”
Background
Shift in Valence Bias Associated with Decrease in Trait Anxiety and Depression Symptoms
Harp, N. R., Blair, J., & Neta, M. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10437-x · Cited by 7
“As such, it could be a useful and easy-to-implement clinical tool, and might easily pair with affordable and acces - sible web-based mindfulness interventions (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Background
Mining the Gems of a Web-Based Mindfulness Intervention: Qualitative Analysis of Factors Aiding Completion and Implementation
Yadav, M., Neate, S. L., Hassed, C. S., Chambers, R., Connaughton, S., & Nag, N. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/37406 · Cited by 7
“Web-based educational interventions have the potential to be implemented for disease prevention, positive behavior change, and self-managed well-being; they are scalable and can be disseminated widely [1-4].”
Background
Can mask mandates boost nature-based tourism? The role of escapism and travel anxiety
Paredes, M. R., Apaolaza, V., Hartmann, P., Marcos, A., & Merino, J. D. G. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280489 · Cited by 8
Mindful Metacognition: Attention, Beliefs, and Skills in the Acceptance of Experiences
Wunder, Z. I., & Jones, L. L. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02254-w · Cited by 8
“It is essential that digital mindfulness-based self-help interventions integrate these findings as well, considering their rise in popularity (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic noncancer pain and prescription opioid use disorder: A qualitative pilot study of its feasibility and the perceived process of change
Ellerbroek, H., Hanssen, I., Lathouwers, K., Cillessen, L., Dekkers, S., Veldman, S. E., van den Heuvel, S. A. S., Speckens, A. E. M., & Schellekens, A. F. A. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3005 · Cited by 5
“Limitations of online interventions are relatively high dropout rates and more difficulty engaging participants compared to an in-person intervention (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Background
Receiving self-compassion in the virtual world: Testing the potential value of biofeedback
Greig, L., Coundouris, S. P., Randhir, S., Henry, J. D., & Baghaei, N. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104596 · Cited by 9
Effects of online mindfulness-based interventions on mental and physical health outcomes in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Xu, L., Guan, A., & Huang, Y. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041870 · Cited by 5
“[18] Particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, segregation, closure, and social alienation limited face-to-face intervention.”
Nonjudgment Mediates the Effect of a Brief Smartphone-Delivered Mindfulness Intervention on Rumination in a Randomized Controlled Trial with Adolescents
Hilt, L. M., Swords, C. M., Austria, N., Webb, C. A., Wahl, J., & Eklund, L. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02363-0 · Cited by 5
“Given the increased accessibility of mindfulness interventions afforded by digital adaptations (Mrazek et al., 2019), along with evidence of the efficacy of mindfulness-based apps among youth (Conley et al., 2022), we developed a short intervention involving mood monitoring along with brief (1-10…”
Feasibility and acceptability of using a meditation app in adults with rheumatic disease
DiRenzo, D., Hunt, C., Sibinga, E. M. S., Gould, N. F., Shah, A. A., Bartlett, S. J., & Bingham, C. O. (2021) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2021.11.003 · Cited by 5
Subjective Social Status and Mental Health Outcomes: The Role of Mindfulness
Heitz, H. K., & Mitchell, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/26320770221087248 · Cited by 5
“In recent years, research has demonstrated that digital and short-term mindfulness interventions and education-based programs, which may be more accessible, show promising benefits and could be meaningful methods to promote mental health (Hall et al., 2018; Mrazek et al., 2019; Parker et al., 2014; Visted et al., 2015…”
Background
Virtually delivered Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) reduces daily pain intensity in patients with lumbosacral radiculopathy: a randomized controlled trial
Wexler, R. S., Fox, D. J., ZuZero, D., Bollen, M., Parikshak, A., Edmond, H., Lemau, J., Montenegro, D., Ramirez, J., Kwin, S., et al. (2024) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001132 · Cited by 5
Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Schoolteachers: Comparison of Video-Conferencing Group with Face-to-Face Group
Chan, W. W. L., Wu, K. C., Li, S. X., Tsang, K. K. Y., Shum, K. K., Kwan, H. W., Su, M. R., & Lam, S. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02430-6 · Cited by 5
“Online mindfulness training may be a promising alternative to traditional face-to-face mindfulness training (Mrazek et al., 2019; Spijkerman et al., 2016) because it is less costly and more accessible and flexible to people who live in remote areas and those who prefer to taking part in the…”
The Algorithms of Mindfulness
Bruder, J. (2021) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/01622439211025632 · Cited by 5
“For instance, neuroscien-tist Alissa Mrazek and colleagues argue that apps provide “an unprecedented opportunity to deliver high-quality training to an increasingly internet-connected global audience” (Mrazek et al. 2019, 81).”
Background
Comparison of Conventional (Face-To-Face) and Online Approach in Mindfulness-Based Chronic Disease Self-Management Interventions for Older Adults
Juraga, D., Rukavina, T., Bilajac, L., Glavić, M. M., Roviš, D., Raat, H., & Vasiljev, V. (2022) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2022.2779 · Cited by 5
Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations
Bos, D. P. A., Keesman, M., Roggeveen, A., Vase, L., Evers, A. W. M., & Peerdeman, K. J. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.03.004 · Cited by 5
Breathing Biofeedback Relaxation Intervention for Wheelchair Users in City Navigation
Herrera, R. R., Holloway, C., Ramírez, D. Z. M., Zhang, B., & Cho, Y. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176144 · Cited by 5
“Amongst existing feedback modalities (visual, haptic and auditory), the most common is visual, typically presented on a screen [11].”
Background
Implementing a Remote Synchronous Mindfulness Program for Master of Science in Speech-Language Pathology Students: Preliminary Findings
Medina, A. M., Mead, J. S., Prokopowicz, P. A., Ahmed, F., Basanez, M., Medellín, D., & Sommer, C. L. (2022) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2022_persp-21-00271 · Cited by 4
Development of Digital Instruction as a Guide in Wushu Training
Rusmono, R., Jarudin, J., & Khuzaimah, P. I. (2020) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2020.081402 · Cited by 4
“Digital training can also provide content that is tailored to the abilities, interests, and values of individual (Mrazek et al., 2018).”
Background

Authors: Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Cherolini, C. M., Cloughesy, J. N., Cynman, D. J., Gougis, L. J., Landry, A. P., Reese, J. V., & Schooler, J. W.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
Corresponding author: Mrazek, Alissa J
Mrazek, Michael D
ORCID: Mrazek, Alissa J
Mrazek, Michael D
Cloughesy, Jonathan N
Cynman, David J
Schooler, Jonathan W
Venue: Current Opinion in Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-08
Volume: 28
Pages: 81-86
ISSN: 2352-250X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.012
OpenAlex: W2914263353
Cited by: 201
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 3
FWCI: 1.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Opinion in Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Education’s Institute of Education Sciences (R305A170445)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Keywords: mindfulness training, mobile application, web platform, user engagement, personalization, attention, stress, depression, anxiety
MeSH terms: Forecasting, Humans, Learning, Social Behavior, Telemedicine, Mindfulness

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The future of mindfulness training is digital, and the future is now

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