Diversity as opportunity: Insights from 600 million years of AHR evolution

Hahn, Mark E.; Karchner, Sibel I.; Merson, Rebeka R.

doi:10.1016/j.cotox.2017.02.003

Cited by 134Toxic Organic Pollutants ImpactDevelopmental Biology and Gene RegulationMarine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology

Diversity as opportunity: Insights from 600 million years of AHR evolution

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Hahn, Mark E., Karchner, Sibel I., Merson, Rebeka R.·2017·Current Opinion in Toxicology

DOI 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.02.003PMC PMC5343764

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Abstract

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was for many years of interest only to pharmacologists and toxicologists. However, this protein has fundamental roles in biology that are being revealed through studies in diverse animal species. The AHR is an ancient protein. AHR homologs exist in most major groups of modern bilaterian animals, including deuterostomes (chordates, hemichordates, echinoderms) and the two major clades of protostome invertebrates [ecdysozoans (e.g. arthropods and nematodes) and lophotrochozoans (e.g. molluscs and annelids)]. AHR homologs also have been identified in cnidarians such as the sea anemone Nematostella and in the genome of Trichoplax, a placozoan. Bilaterians, cnidarians, and placozoans form the clade Eumetazoa, whose last common ancestor lived approximately 600 million years ago (MYA). The presence of AHR homologs in modern representatives of all these groups indicates that the original eumetazoan animal possessed an AHR homolog. Studies in invertebrates and vertebrates reveal parallel functions of AHR in the development and function of sensory neural systems, suggesting that these may be ancestral roles. Vertebrate animals are characterized by the expansion and diversification of AHRs, via gene and genome duplications, from the ancestral protoAHR into at least five classes of AHR-like proteins: AHR, AHR1, AHR2, AHR3, and AHRR. The evolution of multiple AHRs in vertebrates coincided with the acquisition of high-affinity binding of halogenated and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and the emergence of adaptive functions involving regulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and roles in adaptive immunity. The existence of multiple AHRs may have facilitated subfunction partitioning and specialization of specific AHR types in some taxa. Additional research in diverse model and non-model species will continue to enrich our understanding of AHR and its pleiotropic roles in biology and toxicology.

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Differences in receptor size, affinity, sensitivity, and stability have been used to support the idea that the AHR is an evolutionarily malleable molecule that adapts to different chemical environments.
“These differences in receptor size, affinity, sensitivity, and stability have been used to support the idea that the AHR is an evolutionarily malleable molecule that adapts to different chemical environments (M. S. Denison & Nagy, 2003; M. E. Hahn, 2002; Mark E. Hahn et al., 2017).”
From Rodent Genetic Models of Ah Receptor Signaling (2021) · cites this paper as Mark E. Hahn et al., 2017
The Conclusions (section 6; page not provided) describe substantial AHR diversification and link vertebrate adaptive functions to the acquisition of high-affinity ligand binding. Section 5 also describes differences in ligand specificity among AHRs. The copy does not establish receptor size or stability differences as evidence for adaptation to different chemical environments. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Neuronal Target Identification Requires AHA-1-Mediated Fine-Tuning of Wnt Signaling in C. elegans
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Developmental exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin may alter LH release patterns by abolishing sex differences in GABA/glutamate cell number and modifying the transcriptome of the male anteroventral periventricular nucleus.
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Proper modulation of AHR signaling is necessary for establishing neural connectivity and oligodendrocyte precursor cell development in the embryonic zebrafish brain
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“These differences in receptor size, affinity, sensitivity to xenobiotics, and stability have been used to support the idea that the AHR is an evolutionarily malleable molecule that adapts to chemistries in changing physiological environments (Hahn 2002; Denison and Nagy 2003; Hahn et al. 2017).”
Background
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Authors: Hahn, M. E., Karchner, S. I., & Merson, R. R.
Affiliations: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
Rhode Island College (US)
Corresponding author: Hahn, Mark E.
ORCID: Hahn, Mark E.
Karchner, Sibel I.
Merson, Rebeka R.
Venue: Current Opinion in Toxicology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-02
Volume: 2
Pages: 58-71
ISSN: 2468-2020 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.02.003
PMC: PMC5343764
OpenAlex: W2588953202
Cited by: 134
References: 149
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 1.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Opinion in Toxicology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Digital Commons (Providence College) (submittedVersion)
Open Access Server of the Woods Hole Scientific Community (Woods Hole Scientific Community) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES006272, P42ES007381)
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research
NIH National Center for Research Resources (P20RR016457)
National Science Foundation EPSCoR Cooperative Agreement
ME-INBRE (P20RR016463)
NIEHS (P30ES003828)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Keywords: aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Eumetazoa, Cnidaria, placozoans, gene duplication, xenobiotic metabolism, adaptive immunity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds

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Diversity as opportunity: Insights from 600 million years of AHR evolution

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