Tracing “Fearbola”: Psychological Predictors of Anxious Responding to the Threat of Ebola
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Serious illnesses such as Ebola are often highly publicized in the mass media and can be associated with varying levels of anxiety and compensatory safety behavior (e.g., avoidance of air travel). The present study investigated psychological processes associated with Ebola-related anxiety and safety behaviors during the outbreak in late 2014. Between October 30 and December 3, 2014, which encompassed the peak of concerns and of the media's attention to this particular outbreak, 107 university students completed a battery of measures assessing fear of Ebola, performance of safety behaviors, factual knowledge of the virus, and psychological variables hypothesized to predict Ebola-related fear. We found that while our sample was generally not very fearful of contracting Ebola, the fear of this disease was correlated with general distress, contamination cognitions, disgust sensitivity, body vigilance, and anxiety sensitivity-related physical concerns. Regression analyses further indicated that anxiety sensitivity related to physical concerns and the tendency to overestimate the severity of contamination were unique predictors of both Ebola fear and associated safety behaviors. Implications for how concerns over serious illness outbreaks can be conceptualized and clinically managed are discussed.
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The COVID-19 Fear Index was created for the study to assess participants' fear concerning COVID-19.
“the CFI was constructed for the current study to assess participants’ level of fear concerning COVID-19.”
From Anxiety Sensitivity Mediates Relations Between Mental Distress Symptoms and Medical Care Utilization During COVID-19 Pandemic. (2021) · cites this paper as Blakey et al., 2015
The Method > Measures section describes an Ebola Fear Inventory created for that paper’s study to assess fear of Ebola. It does not describe a COVID-19 Fear Index; the instrument and disease named in the claim differ from those in the cited paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigher levels of anxiety sensitivity-physical concerns and intolerance of uncertainty were observed in the present sample compared with previous pandemic studies.
“As compared to previous pandemic studies, levels of AS-physical concerns in the present sample (M = 7.30, SD = 5.88) were significantly higher than those found by Wheaton et al. (2012): M = 3.63 (4.14), t(770) = 9.56, 95% CI [2.92, 4.42], p < .000; Blakey and Abramowitz (2017): M = 4.42 (4.52), t(671) = 6.36, 95% CI [1.99, 3.77], p < .000; and Blakey et al. (2015): M = 4.34 (4.29), t(562) = 4.91, 95% CI [1.78, 4.14], p < .001.”
From Anxiety Sensitivity Mediates Relations Between Mental Distress Symptoms and Medical Care Utilization During COVID-19 Pandemic. (2021) · cites this paper as Blakey et al. (2015)
Safety behaviours as measured by the CSBC were significantly higher in the present sample than in Blakey et al. (2015), though direct comparison is limited by different instruments.
“Levels of safety behaviours in the current sample as measured by the CSBC (M = 41.09, SD = 5.65) were significantly higher than those measured with the Ebola Safety Behaviors Checklist (ESBC) in Blakey et al.’s (2015) study”
From Anxiety Sensitivity Mediates Relations Between Mental Distress Symptoms and Medical Care Utilization During COVID-19 Pandemic. (2021) · cites this paper as Blakey et al.’s (2015)
In the present sample, anxiety sensitivity physical concerns were significantly higher than in three prior pandemic studies (Wheaton et al., 2012; Blakey and Abramowitz, 2017; Blakey et al., 2015).
“levels of AS-physical concerns in the present sample (M = 7.30, SD = 5.88) were significantly higher than those found by Wheaton et al. (2012)”
From Anxiety Sensitivity Mediates Relations Between Mental Distress Symptoms and Medical Care Utilization During COVID-19 Pandemic. (2021) · cites this paper as Blakey et al. (2015)
Existing literature suggests that obsessive-compulsive contamination and/or health anxiety symptoms are associated with greater anxiety about prior public health concerns among university-affiliated samples.
“existing literature suggests that obsessive-compulsive contamination and/or health anxiety symptoms are associated with greater anxiety about prior public health concerns among university-affiliated samples (Wheaton et al., 2012; Blakey et al., 2015; Blakey and Abramowitz, 2017).”
From Ahead of the Curve: Responses From Patients in Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as Blakey et al., 2015
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“…anxiety and related symptoms would be elevated as compared to “normal” (non-pandemic), the first remarkable finding was the significant elevation in all symptoms as compared to the findings of previous pandemic studies (e.g., Blakey & Abramowitz, 2017; Blakey et al., 2015; Wheaton et al., 2012).”
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Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of Hungarian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
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7 science-based strategies to cope with coronavirus anxiety
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- Authors
- Blakey, S. M., Reuman, L., Jacoby, R. J., & Abramowitz, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Abramowitz, Jonathan S.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2015-06-19
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 816-825
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC7088101
- OpenAlex
- W1891769293
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
- Keywords
- Ebola, safety behavior, anxiety sensitivity, disgust sensitivity, body vigilance, health anxiety, media coverage of epidemics, university students
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