Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies with positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging have begun to describe the functional neuroanatomy of human emotion. Taken separately, specific studies vary in task dimensions and in type(s) of emotion studied, and are limited by statistical power and sensitivity. By examining findings across studies in a meta-analysis, we sought to determine if common or segregated patterns of activations exist in different emotions and across various emotional tasks. We surveyed over 55 positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging activation studies, which investigated emotion in healthy subjects. This paper will review observations in several regions of interest in limbic (eg, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex) and paralimbic (eg, medial prefrontal cortex, insula) brain regions in emotional responding.
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The amygdala plays a pivotal role in emotional regulation.
“It is well-known that amygdala plays a pivotal role in emotional regulation.”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Phan et al., 2004
The amygdala is responsible for detecting, generating, and maintaining fear-related emotions.
“Several studies found that this structure is responsible for detecting, generating, and maintaining fear-related emotions”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Phan et al., 2004
The mPFC is related to cognitive aspects of emotional processing, such as appraisal/identification of emotion, attention to emotion, awareness and introspection.
“it has been hypothesized that mPFC is related to cognitive aspects of emotional processing, such as appraisal/identification of emotion, attention to emotion, awareness and introspection”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Phan et al., 2004
Neuroimaging data in the waking state support a crucial role of the aforementioned regions in emotional processing.
“neuroimaging data in waking state have provided strong support for a crucial role of the aforementioned regions in emotional processing”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Phan et al., 2004
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Self-referential processing in our brain—A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self
Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., de Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002 · Cited by 2,792 · see citing works
The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders
Shin, L. M., & Liberzon, I. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.83 · Cited by 2,083 · see citing works
Self-citationPrefrontal-Subcortical Pathways Mediating Successful Emotion Regulation
Wager, T. D., Davidson, M. L., Hughes, B. L., Lindquist, M. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.006 · Cited by 1,761 · see citing works
“…stimuli that do (e.g. a small child crying hysterically) and stimuli that do not (e.g. a fearful facial expression) generate negative emotional experiences, it is more consistently activated by the stimuli that do not elicit experience (Phan et al., 2002; Phan et al., 2004; Wager et al., in press).”
Self-citationMeditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies.
Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180 · Cited by 1,734 · see citing works
Peters, J., & Büchel, C. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.026 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways
Milad, M. R., & Rauch, S. L. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.003 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Sex differences in stress-related psychiatric disorders: neurobiological perspectives
Bangasser, D. A., & Valentino, R. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.008 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.50 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Neural pathways link social support to attenuated neuroendocrine stress responses
Eisenberger, N. I., Taylor, S. E., Gable, S. L., Hilmert, C. J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.038 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat
Wager, T. D., Waugh, C. E., Lindquist, M., Noll, D. C., Fredrickson, B. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.043 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationContributions of the insula to cognition and emotion
Gasquoine, P. G. (2014) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-014-9246-9 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Having a word with yourself: neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance.
Longe, O., Maratos, F. A., Gilbert, P., Evans, G., Volker, F., Rockliff, H., & Rippon, G. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Processing Valence and Arousal in Affective Words
Lewis, P., Critchley, H., Rotshtein, P., & Dolan, R. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhk024 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Stevens (2014) · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.048 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-referential processing, rumination, and cortical midline structures in major depression
Nejad, A. B., Fossati, P., & Lemogne, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00666 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Towards a unifying neural theory of social cognition
Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2006) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56021-2 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Interoception in emotional experience
Wiens, S. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.wco.0000168079.92106.99 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Brain–gut connections in functional GI disorders: Anatomic and physiologic relationships
Jones, M. P., Dilley, J. B., Drossman, D., & Crowell, M. D. (2006) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00730.x · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Mindfulness and emotion regulation—an fMRI study
Lutz, J., Herwig, U., Opialla, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jäncke, L., Rufer, M., Grosse Holtforth, M., & Brühl, A. B. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst043 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
An fMRI study of cytokine-induced depressed mood and social pain: The role of sex differences
Eisenberger, N. I., Inagaki, T. K., Rameson, L. T., Mashal, N. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.040 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Stress‐Induced and Alcohol Cue‐Induced Craving in Recently Abstinent Alcohol‐Dependent Individuals
Fox, H. C., Bergquist, K. L., Hong, K., & Sinha, R. (2007) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00320.x · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Disgust, fear, and the anxiety disorders: a critical review
Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., & Lohr, J. M. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.007 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Gender differences in the cognitive control of emotion: an fMRI study.
Koch, K., Pauly, K., Kellermann, T., Seiferth, N. Y., Reske, M., Backes, V., Stöcker, T., Shah, N. J., Amunts, K., Kircher, T., et al. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.012 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
The default mode network and recurrent depression: A neurobiological model of cognitive risk factors
Marchetti, I., Koster, E. H. W., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & De Raedt, R. (2012) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9199-9 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Wager, T. D., van Ast, V. A., Hughes, B. L., Davidson, M. L., Lindquist, M. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.044 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolfi, F., Couto, B., Richter, F., Decety, J., Lopez, J., Sigman, M., Manes, F., & Ibáñez, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.019 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Mentalizing about emotion and its relationship to empathy
Hooker, C. I., Verosky, S. C., Germine, L. T., Knight, R. T., & D’Esposito, M. (2008) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn019 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Evaluating the consistency and specificity of neuroimaging data using meta-analysis
Wager, T. D., Lindquist, M. A., Nichols, T. E., Kober, H., & Van Snellenberg, J. X. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.061 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural systems underlying approach and avoidance in anxiety disorders
Robin L., A., & Martin, P. P. (2010) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2010.12.4/raupperle · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Altered amygdala resting-state functional connectivity in post-traumatic stress disorder
Rabinak, C. A., Angstadt, M., Welsh, R. C., Kenndy, A. E., Lyubkin, M., Martis, B., & Phan, K. L. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00062 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Pace-Schott, E. F., Amole, M. C., Aue, T., Balconi, M., Bylsma, L. M., Critchley, H., Demaree, H. A., Friedman, B. H., Gooding, A. E. K., Gosseries, O., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Moreover, meta-analytic approaches to fMRI data continue to highlight key commonalities across distinct studies underpinning emotional mechanisms (e.g. Phan et al., 2002; Phan et al., 2004; Yarkoni et al., 2011).”
Schneider, F., Bermpohl, F., Heinzel, A., Rotte, M., Walter, M., Tempelmann, C., Wiebking, C., Dobrowolny, H., Heinze, H. J., & Northoff, G. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.014 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Foland-Ross, L. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00489 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes
Scarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., D'Atri, A., Gorgoni, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00459 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“In fact, neuroimaging data in waking state have provided strong support for a crucial role of the aforementioned regions in emotional processing (Phan et al., 2004).”
BackgroundOvert and imagined singing of an Italian aria
Kleber, B., Birbaumer, N., Veit, R., Trevorrow, T., & Lotze, M. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.053 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Sebastian, A., Jung, P., Krause-Utz, A., Lieb, K., Schmahl, C., & Tüscher, O. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00698 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Such medial prefrontal regions are not typically activated during behavioral inhibition (Aron, 2011) but rather during emotion processing (Phan et al., 2004).”
BackgroundFear bradycardia and activation of the human periaqueductal grey
Hermans, E. J., Henckens, M. J. A. G., Roelofs, K., & Fernández, G. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.063 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Functional connectivity of reward processing in the brain
Camara, E. (2008) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.019.2008 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Krause-Utz, A., Frost, R., Winter, D., & Elzinga, B. M. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0757-y · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Nyssen, O. P., Taylor, S. J., Wong, G., Steed, E., Bourke, L., Lord, J., Ross, C. A., Hayman, S., Field, V., Higgins, A., et al. (2016) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta20270 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Distinct pathways of neural coupling for different basic emotions
Tettamanti, M., Rognoni, E., Cafiero, R., Costa, T., Galati, D., & Perani, D. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.018 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Lan, M. J., Chhetry, B. T., Liston, C., Mann, J. J., & Dubin, M. (2016) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2016.02.011 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Suzuki, H., Luby, J. L., Botteron, K. N., Dietrich, R., McAvoy, M. P., & Barch, D. M. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.04.013 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Neural correlates of a 'pessimistic' attitude when anticipating events of unknown emotional valence
Herwig, U., Kaffenberger, T., Baumgartner, T., & Jäncke, L. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.035 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Expecting unpleasant stimuli–an fMRI study
Herwig, U., Abler, B., Walter, H., & Erk, S. (2007) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.02.007 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Fuxe, K., Borroto-Escuela, D. O., Romero-Fernandez, W., Ciruela, F., Manger, P., Leo, G., Díaz-Cabiale, Z., & Agnati, L. F. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.062 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Heart evoked potential triggers brain responses to natural affective scenes: A preliminary study
Couto, B., Adolfi, F., Velasquez, M., Mesow, M., Feinstein, J., Canales-Johnson, A., Mikulan, E., Martínez-Pernía, D., Bekinschtein, T., Sigman, M., et al. (2015) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2015.06.006 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Brain activation predicts treatment improvement in patients with major depressive disorder
Samson, A. C., Meisenzahl, E., Scheuerecker, J., Rose, E., Schoepf, V., Wiesmann, M., & Frodl, T. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.009 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Negative and Nonemotional Interference with Visual Working Memory in Schizophrenia
Anticevic, A., Repovs, G., Corlett, P. R., & Barch, D. M. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Simmons, A., Strigo, I. A., Matthews, S. C., Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181a56ed8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Assessing the “social brain” in dementia: applying TASIT-S
Kumfor, F., Honan, C., McDonald, S., Hazelton, J. L., Hodges, J. R., & Piguet, O. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.022 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Morita, T., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., Ishitobi, M., Munesue, T., Itakura, S., Omori, M., Okazawa, H., Wada, Y., & Sadato, N. (2012) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.598945 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Neural activity associated with self-reflection
Herwig, U., Kaffenberger, T., Schell, C., Jäncke, L., & Brühl, A. B. (2012) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-52 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Neural substrates of interpreting actions and emotions from body postures
Kana, R. K., & Travers, B. G. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr022 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mental Sleep Activity and Disturbing Dreams in the Lifespan
Scarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., D’Atri, A., Gorgoni, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193658 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Childhood methylphenidate treatment of ADHD and response to affective stimuli
Schlochtermeier, L., Stoy, M., Schlagenhauf, F., Wrase, J., Park, S. Q., Friedel, E., Huss, M., Lehmkuhl, U., Heinz, A., & Ströhle, A. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.05.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Attentional control in depression: A translational affective neuroscience approach
De Raedt, R., Koster, E. H. W., & Joormann, J. (2010) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
On the connection between level of education and the neural circuitry of emotion perception.
Demenescu, L. R., Stan, A., Kortekaas, R., van der Wee, N. J. A., Veltman, D. J., & Aleman, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00866 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Yan, Z., Witthöft, M., Bailer, J., Diener, C., & Mier, D. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0832-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Understanding the Moderators of Physical and Emotional Pain: A Neural Systems-Based Approach
Eisenberger, N. (2008) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400802608855 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The influence of valence and decision difficulty on self-referential processing
Meffert, H., Blanken, L., Blair, K. S., White, S. F., & Blair, J. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00046 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Phan, K. L., Wager, T. D., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Houston Methodist (US)
- Venue
- CNS Spectrums
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 258-266
- ISSN
- 1092-8529 (ISSN-L)
- 2165-6509
- OpenAlex
- W2103345644
- Cited by
- 433
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CNS Spectrums (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- emotions, emotional processing, brain activation patterns, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, insula, limbic system, paralimbic regions
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Amygdala, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Prefrontal Cortex
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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