Effectiveness of learning strategy instruction on academic performance: A meta-analysis
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Prompting students to elaborate on learning content-especially through generative strategies such as explaining-has been shown to be a highly effective cognitive learning strategy.
“In addition to emphasizing the value of the learning content, prompting students to elaborate on it-especially through generative strategies such as explaininghas been shown to be a highly effective cognitive learning strategy (Donker et al., 2014 ; Fiorella & Mayer, 2015; Lachner et al., 2022).”
From Enhancing School Students' Self-Regulated Learning through Generative AI Support: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2026) · cites this paper as Donker et al., 2014
Cognitive strategies are task-specific because they directly address particular kinds of information processing that must suit a given learning task.
“Cognitive strategies, which are conducive to rehearsing, organizing, and elaborating information (Weinstein et al. 2000), are task-specific because they directly address particular kinds of information processing that must suit a given learning task (e.g., Donker et al. 2014).”
From Transfer of metacognitive skills in self-regulated learning: an experimental training study (2020) · cites this paper as Donker et al. 2014
When task-general metacognitive skills are trained together with task-specific cognitive strategies, students may transfer those metacognitive skills to other cognitive strategies.
“When task-general metacognitive skills (e.g., Donker et al. 2014;Veenman et al. 2006) are trained together with task-specific cognitive strategies, students may transfer those metacognitive skills to other cognitive strategies.”
From Transfer of metacognitive skills in self-regulated learning: an experimental training study (2020) · cites this paper as Donker et al. 2014
Improved metacognition helps individuals with management of time, focus, and effort, problem-solving, academic performance, emotional well-being, and overall decision-making.
“Studies have shown that improved metacognition helps individuals with management of time, focus, and effort [212], problem-solving [67], academic performance [45,52,106,126,180,214], emotional well-being [200], and overall decision-making [206].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
Metacognitive abilities can be taught.
“Firstly, given that metacognitive abilities can be taught [45,52,126], we can improve users' metacognition via metacognitive support strategies that can be integrated into GenAI systems.”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
Motivation regulation strategies are task-specific because they always focus on a particular motivational problem.
“Accordingly, motivation regulation strategies are task-specific (e.g., Donker et al. 2014) because they always focus on a particular motivational problem (Wolters and Rosenthal 2000).”
From Transfer of metacognitive skills in self-regulated learning: an experimental training study (2020) · cites this paper as Donker et al. 2014
Donker et al. discuss how motivational aspects, including task-value beliefs, can influence students’ approach to a task (§1.3.1, page unavailable). Our copy does not say that motivation regulation strategies are task-specific; searches for that proposition and task-specific strategies found no supporting passage. The explanation about a particular motivational problem is cited to Wolters and Rosenthal, not Donker et al. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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- Authors
- Donker, A. S., de Boer, H., Kostons, D., Dignath van Ewijk, C. C., & van der Werf, M. P. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Donker, A.S.
- ORCID
- Kostons, D.
- Venue
- Educational Research Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 1-26
- ISSN
- 1747-938X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2003278441
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 2.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Educational Research Review (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Keywords
- learning strategy instruction, student self-regulation, academic performance, metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive strategy training, cognitive strategy instruction, writing performance, science achievement, mathematics achievement, reading achievement, K-12 education, ability level differences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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