(Mis-)Perceptions, information, and political polarization: A survey and a systematic literature review
Open accessAbstract
Numerous studies have documented that misperceptions about society, e.g. related to inequality, are widespread among voters. Simultaneously, a separate body of literature demonstrates increasing political polarization. Against this background, it is intuitively appealing to hypothesize that information provision can be useful not only to correct misperceptions, but also to create a common ground that can bridge divisiveness. In a general population survey, conducted in the United States, we show that beliefs in the power of information to reduce polarization are indeed widespread. To investigate the empirical relationship between information provision and polarization, we conduct a systematic literature review. We focus on papers that study the effect of information treatments on redistributive policy preferences, exploiting the fact that they often investigate heterogeneities in the reaction to information treatment. Our review shows that while it is certainly possible for information to decrease polarization, the effect is frequently the opposite. The reason is that different groups react differently to truthful and accurate information, in ways that often reinforce existing preference.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A systematic literature review documented both instances in which information treatments increased and decreased polarization over redistribution attitudes.
“a systematic literature review documented both instances in which information treatments increased and decreased polarization over redistribution attitudes (Marino et al., 2024).”
From Factual belief polarization between Democrats and Republicans: source or epiphenomenon of ideological and affective polarization? (2024) · cites this paper as Marino et al., 2024
Cites
The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034 · Cited by 3,317 · see citing works
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011 · Cited by 2,022 · see citing works
Political Polarization in the American Public
Fiorina, M. P., & Abrams, S. J. (2008) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836 · Cited by 1,798 · see citing works
Have American's Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?
DiMaggio, P., Evans, J., & Bryson, B. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230995 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
Media and Political Polarization
Prior, M. (2013) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Building a Better America—One Wealth Quintile at a Time
Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393524 · Cited by 1,119 · see citing works
How Elastic Are Preferences for Redistribution? Evidence from Randomized Survey Experiments
Kuziemko, I., Norton, M. I., Saez, E., & Stantcheva, S. (2015) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20130360 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1806781116 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Intergenerational Mobility and Preferences for Redistribution
Alesina, A., Stantcheva, S., & Teso, E. (2018) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20162015 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion
Baldassarri, D., & Gelman, A. (2008) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/590649 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Cruces, G., Truglia, R. N. P., & Tetaz, M. (2012) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.10.009 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Social Media, News Consumption, and Polarization: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Levy, R. (2021) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20191777 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
The Hostile Audience: The Effect of Access to Broadband Internet on Partisan Affect
Lelkes, Y., Sood, G., & Iyengar, S. (2017) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12237 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization
Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2024) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01160 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
The muted consequences of correct information about immigration
Hopkins, D. J., Sides, J., & Citrin, J. (2019) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/699914 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Immigration and Redistribution
Alesina, A., Miano, A., & Stantcheva, S. (2022) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdac011 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Karadja, M., Möllerström, J., & Seim, D. (2015) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00623 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts
Jost, J. T., Baldassarri, D. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Does information change attitudes toward immigrants?
Grigorieff, A., Roth, C., & Ubfal, D. (2020) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-020-00882-8 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Peterson, E., & Iyengar, S. (2019) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/pmn7h · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Polarization in the contemporary political and media landscape
Wilson, A. E., Parker, V. A., & Feinberg, M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.005 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
False Equivalence: Are Liberals and Conservatives in the United States Equally Biased?
Baron, J., & Jost, J. T. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618788876 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Labor market concerns and support for immigration
Haaland, I., & Roth, C. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104256 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Polarization in America: two possible futures
Heltzel, G., & Laurin, K. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.03.008 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Income Perception, Information, and Progressive Taxation: Evidence from a Survey Experiment
Fernández-Albertos, J., & Kuo, A. G. (2015) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2015.73 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
American Religion in the Era of Increasing Polarization
Perry, S. L. (2022) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-031021-114239 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
How three narratives of modernity justify economic inequality
Larsen, C. A. (2016) · Acta Sociologica · doi:10.1177/0001699315622801 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Alesina, A., Miano, A., & Stantcheva, S. (2020) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.20201072 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
What do Americans know about inequality? It depends on how you ask them
Eriksson, K., & Simpson, B. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500003284 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Campante, F. R., & Hojman, D. A. (2013) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.02.006 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Goldberg, M. H., van der Linden, S., Ballew, M. T., Rosenthal, S. A., Gustafson, A., & Leiserowitz, A. (2019) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547019874361 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
What do Germans think and know about income inequality? A survey experiment
Engelhardt, C., & Wagener, A. (2017) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwx036 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Social media networks, fake news, and polarization
Azzimonti, M., & Fernandes, M. (2023) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2022.102256 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Magni, G. (2020) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123420000046 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Boudreau, C., & MacKenzie, S. A. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/694784 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Beliefs about public debt and the demand for government spending
Roth, C., Settele, S., & Wohlfart, J. (2021) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.011 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The prime psychological suspects of toxic political polarization
Moore-Berg, S. L., Hameiri, B., & Bruneau, E. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.05.001 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Perceptions of Inherited Wealth and the Support for Inheritance Taxation
Bastani, S., & Waldenström, D. (2021) · Economica · doi:10.1111/ecca.12359 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Misperceptions of income distributions: cross-country evidence from a randomized survey experiment
Bublitz, E. (2020) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwaa025 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lergetporer, P., Schwerdt, G., Werner, K., West, M. R., & Woessmann, L. (2018) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.09.011 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Misperceptions of Relative Affluence and Support for International Redistribution
Nair, G. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/696991 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Perceived Inequality
Bavetta, S., Donni, P. L., & MARINO, M. L. (2017) · Review of Income and Wealth · doi:10.1111/roiw.12351 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationMeta‐analysis of social science research: A practitioner's guide
Iršová, Z., Doucouliagos, H., Havránek, T., & Stanley, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12595 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Armingeon, K., & Bürgisser, R. (2020) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2020.1749715 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Individual risk preferences and the demand for redistribution
Gärtner, M., Möllerström, J., & Seim, D. (2017) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.06.009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
On the determinants of political polarization
Grechyna, D. (2016) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.04.018 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Transformation and polarization: The 2008 presidential election and the new American electorate
Abramowitz, A. I. (2010) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2010.04.006 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Canen, N., Kendall, C., & Trebbi, F. (2020) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta16756 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Preferences for Inter-Regional Redistribution
Balcells, L., Fernández-Albertos, J., & Kuo, A. G. (2015) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414015581681 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Blaufus, K., Chirvi, M., Huber, H.-P., Maiterth, R., & Sureth-Sloane, C. (2020) · European Accounting Review · doi:10.1080/09638180.2020.1852095 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Belief Polarization in a Complex World: A Learning Theory Perspective
Haghtalab, N., Jackson, M. O., & Procaccia, A. D. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2010144118 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
How Do Beliefs about the Gender Wage Gap Affect the Demand for Public Policy?
Settele, S. (2022) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20200559 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cognitive Ability and the Demand for Redistribution
Möllerström, J., & Seim, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109955 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Becker, B. (2020) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-019-00343-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Lergetporer, P., Werner, K., & Woessmann, L. (2018) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104226 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Perception of income tax rates: evidence from Germany
Blaufus, K., Bob, J., Hundsdoerfer, J., Sielaff, C., Kiesewetter, D., & Weimann, J. (2013) · European Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1007/s10657-013-9389-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Perceptions of inevitability and demand for redistribution: Evidence from a survey experiment
Pellicer, M., Piraino, P., & Wegner, E. (2018) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.12.013 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Immigration and support for redistribution: survey experiments in three European countries
Naumann, E., & Stoetzer, L. F. (2017) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2017.1344040 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Your Place in the World: Relative Income and Global Inequality
Fehr, D., Möllerström, J., & Truglia, R. N. P. (2022) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20200343 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Immigration vs. Poverty: Causal Impact on Demand for Redistribution in a Survey Experiment
Martinangeli, A., & Windsteiger, L. (2019) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2022.102348 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Redistributive preferences: Why actual income is ultimately more important than perceived income
Weisstanner, D., & Armingeon, K. (2021) · Journal of European Social Policy · doi:10.1177/09589287211037912 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The nexus between perceptions of inequality and preferences for redistribution
Iacono, R., & Ranaldi, M. (2020) · The Journal of Economic Inequality · doi:10.1007/s10888-020-09470-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes perceived social mobility shape attitudes toward government and family educational investment?
Wen, F., & Witteveen, D. (2021) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102579 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cattaneo, M. A., Lergetporer, P., Schwerdt, G., Werner, K., Woessmann, L., & Wolter, S. C. (2020) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101876 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Social mobility perceptions and inequality acceptance
Fehr, D., Müller, D., & Preuß, M. (2024) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.03.008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
How consistent are perceptions of inequality?
Bavetta, S., Donni, P. L., & MARINO, M. L. (2020) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2020.102267 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationGraetz, M. J., & Shapiro, I. (2011) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400839186 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Taxed fairly? How differences in perception shape attitudes towards progressive taxation
Kalleitner, F., & Bobzien, L. (2023) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcad060 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mu, R. (2022) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2022.101784 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lergetporer, P., & Woessmann, L. (2023) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104968 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hoy, C., & Mager, F. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.024 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hope, D., Limberg, J., & Weber, N. (2022) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2022.102349 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mijs, J. J. B., de Koster, W., & van der Waal, J. (2021) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102692 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Consequences of Inequality: Beliefs and Redistributive PreferencesPreprint
Lobeck, M., & Støstad, M. N. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4610991 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Overconfidence, income-ability gap, and preferences for income equality
Kishishita, D., Yamagishi, A., & Matsumoto, T. (2022) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2022.102279 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Movin’ on up? A survey experiment on mobility enhancing policies
Barton, J., & Pan, X. S. (2021) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102172 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ardanaz, M., Hübscher, E., Keefer, P. E., & Sattler, T. (2022) · doi:10.18235/0004655 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The End of Work is Near, Isn’t It? Survey Evidence on Automation AngstPreprint
Arntz, M., Blesse, S., & Dörrenberg, P. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4247981 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Brandts, J., Busom, I., López-Mayán, C., & Panadés, J. (2024) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-023-09817-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Inequality, social mobility and redistributive preferences
Günther, I., & Martorano, B. (2024) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106828 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Automation and Public Policy PreferencesPreprint
Ladreit, C. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4304111 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, H. Y. (2023) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-023-09886-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
International inequality and demand for redistribution in the Global South
Becker, B. (2023) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2023.36 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Choi, S., Choi, C.-Y., & Kim, S. (2023) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102428 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Persuasive Action and Ideological Polarization in Congress
Vann, B. (2021) · Social problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spab023 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fernández, J. J., Castillo, A. M. J., & Wen, F. (2024) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/02685809241262715 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How Selling Online is Affecting Informal Firms in South Asia
Bussolo, M., Dixit, A., Golla, A. M., Kotia, A., Lee, J. N., Narasimhan, P., & Sharma, S. (2023) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-10306 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Schwarz, A. M., & Warum, P. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4534631 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Preferences for Giving Versus Preferences for Redistribution
Strulov-Shlain, A. (2021) · AEA Randomized Controlled Trials · doi:10.1257/rct.8346-1.0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fernández, J. J., Castillo, A. M. J., & Wen, F. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4259768 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of information in shaping the emerging agricultural soil carbon market
Phelan, L., Chapman, P. J., & Ziv, G. (2025) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103861 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, Z.-G. Y. W. J. J.-C. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13760-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rekker, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2024.1254826 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Information about inequality in early child care reduces polarization in policy preferences
Hermes, H., Lergetporer, P., Mierisch, F., Schwerdt, G., & Wiederhold, S. (2024) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106780 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dolls, M., Schüle, P., & Windsteiger, L. (2025) · Economica · doi:10.1111/ecca.12580 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
What explains preferences for redistribution? Evidence from an international survey
Bonnet, J., Ciani, ., Grimalda, G. F., Murtin, F., & Pipke, D. (2025) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105150 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Politics of Defining AI: Discourse, Legitimacy, and the Ethics Crisis
Haynie-Lavelle, J. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-16886-3_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Perceptions of carbon inequality and attitudes to policy responses: Evidence from Spain
Drews, S., & Konc, T. (2026) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2026.104756 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Don’t stop believin’: Income group heterogeneity in updating of social mobility beliefs
Schwarz, A. M., & Warum, P. (2024) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.06.029 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
How People Misunderstand Growth and Inequality - and the Effects of Correcting Their BeliefsPreprint
Kaiser, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5822505 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Destructive CommunicationPreprint
Petrishcheva, V., & Andres, M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4836117
In‐group bias in preferences for redistribution: a survey experiment in Italy
Bruni, R., Gioffré, A., & Marino, M. (2025) · Economica · doi:10.1111/ecca.12584
Self-citationRigidity at the Margins the Ideological Boundaries of Belief ChangePreprint
Kossowska, M., Czarnek, G., Szwed, P., Andrysiak, A., & Knorr, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5391011
Fors, K. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5395238
The evolving study of political polarization
Erdogan, E., Jaworsky, B. N., Álvares, C., Bodroža, B., Butkevičienė, E., Cela, E., Dodeigne, J., Fahmy, S. S., Schäfer, S. H., Scott, G., et al. (2026) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.23252.1
Measuring Fiscal Literacy: A Framework and Evidence from the General PopulationPreprint
Domi, A., Burgstaller, L., & Kasper, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6615934
Measuring Fiscal Literacy: A Framework and Evidence from the General PopulationPreprint
Domi, A., Burgstaller, L., & Kasper, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6615933
An optimal weighting scheme for a synthetic index of perception of inequality
Bavetta, S., Donni, P. L., Marino, M., & Ribaudo, F. (2026) · The Journal of Economic Inequality · doi:10.1007/s10888-026-09744-6
Self-citationHow does information about inequalities affect fairness views and policy preferences?
Baarck, J., Dolls, M., & Windsteiger, L. (2026) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107749
Fiscal information and stated willingness to pay taxes: evidence from a survey experiment
Durán-Cabré, J. M., Moré, A. E., & Secomandi, R. (2026) · International Tax and Public Finance · doi:10.1007/s10797-026-10007-3
- Authors
- Marino, M., Iacono, R., & Mollerstrom, J.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Marino, Maria
- Venue
- European Journal of Political Economy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-12
- Volume
- 85
- Pages
- 102578
- ISSN
- 0176-2680 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4400054930
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 5.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Political Economy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Social Policy and Reform Studies
- Keywords
- political polarization, information provision, misunderstanding, information treatment, preference heterogeneity, belief updating, public opinion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
