Polarization in the contemporary political and media landscape

Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability

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Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption

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Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization

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How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation

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Party Over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence on Political Beliefs.

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Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks

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Is Polarization a Myth?

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Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities

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Democracy for Realists: Why Elections do not Produce Responsive Government

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The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre.

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Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government

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Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics

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The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre.

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The Partisan Brain: An Identity-Based Model of Political Belief

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Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity

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Moral outrage in the digital age

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Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government

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The Parties in Our Heads: Misperceptions about Party Composition and Their Consequences

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Negative Partisanship: Why Americans Dislike Parties But Behave Like Rabid Partisans

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The Ideological Foundations of Affective Polarization in the U.S. Electorate

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At Least Bias Is Bipartisan: A Meta-Analytic Comparison of Partisan Bias in Liberals and Conservatives

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The Strengthening of Partisan Affect

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Does Party Trump Ideology? Disentangling Party and Ideology in America

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How Ideology Fuels Affective Polarization

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It's Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism

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The Hostile Audience: The Effect of Access to Broadband Internet on Partisan Affect

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Clearer Cues, More Consistent Voters: A Benefit of Elite Polarization

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How Democracies Die

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Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?

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The MAD Model of Moral Contagion: The Role of Motivation, Attention, and Design in the Spread of Moralized Content Online

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Polarization in the American Public: Misconceptions and Misreadings

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It's even worse than it looks: how the American constitutional system collided with the new politics of extremism

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Perceiving Political Polarization in the United States: Party Identity Strength and Attitude Extremity Exacerbate the Perceived Partisan Divide

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(Mis)perceptions of Partisan Polarization in the American Public

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Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity

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The effect of partisanship and political advertising on close family ties

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Let Them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality

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Untitled work

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No Need to Watch: How the Effects of Partisan Media Can Spread via Interpersonal Discussions

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American Amnesia: How the War on Government Led Us to Forget What Made America Prosper

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The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility

Berry, J., & Sobieraj, S. (2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.186974 · Cited by 228 · see citing works

Psychological Barriers to Bipartisan Public Support for Climate Policy

Van Boven, L., Ehret, P. J., & Sherman, D. K. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617748966 · Cited by 228 · see citing works

Why we are poles apart on climate change

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False Equivalence: Are Liberals and Conservatives in the United States Equally Biased?

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The Rise of Partisanship and Super-Cooperators in the U.S. House of Representatives

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An ideological asymmetry in the diffusion of moralized content on social media among political leaders.

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Self-Fulfilling Misperceptions of Public Polarization

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The Differential Effects of Actual and Perceived Polarization

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Red and Blue States of Mind

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Misperceptions in Intergroup Conflict: Disagreeing About What We Disagree About

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Why We're Polarized

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More than Mimicry? The Role of Anger in Uncivil Reactions to Elite Political Incivility

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The Montagu Principle: Incivility decreases politicians’ public approval, even with their political base.

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American views 2020: trust, media and democracy

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The Perception Gap: How False Impressions are Pulling Americans Apart

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Extremists on the Left and Right Use Angry, Negative Language

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They’re All the Same!. . . but for Several Different Reasons

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False Polarization and False Moderation: Political Opponents Overestimate the Extremity of Each Other’s Ideologies but Underestimate Each Other’s Certainty

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Partisanship and Perceptions of Party-Line Voting in Congress

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The political reference point: How geography shapes political identity

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Media-Induced Misperception Further Divides Public Opinion

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Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts

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Interventions to reduce partisan animosity

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Correcting inaccurate metaperceptions reduces Americans’ support for partisan violence

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Polarization in America: two possible futures

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Algorithm-mediated social learning in online social networks

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Polarization and social media: A systematic review and research agenda

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Overperception of moral outrage in online social networks inflates beliefs about intergroup hostility

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Troll and divide: the language of online polarization

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Information trust and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy amongst middle-aged and older adults in Singapore: A latent class analysis Approach

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Does Talking to the Other Side Reduce Inter-party Hostility? Evidence from Three Studies

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Environmental Decision-Making in Times of Polarization

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When debates break apart: discursive polarization as a multi-dimensional divergence emerging in and through communication

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Mask Refusal Backlash: The Politicization of Face Masks in the American Public Sphere during the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic

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Conformity and reactions to deviance in the time of COVID-19

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Does affective polarization contribute to democratic backsliding in America?

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Social identity shapes antecedents and functional outcomes of moral emotion expression in online networksPreprint

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Twitter (X) use predicts substantial changes in well-being, polarization, sense of belonging, and outrage

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Twitter (X) use predicts substantial changes in well-being, polarization, sense of belonging, and outrage

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Hope in adolescence and subsequent health and well-being in adulthood: An outcome-wide longitudinal study

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Perceiving Affective Polarization in the United States: How Social Media Shape Meta-Perceptions and Affective Polarization

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Machine-learning media bias

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Political network composition predicts vaccination attitudes

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Radicalization to Violence: A View from Cultural Psychiatry

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(Mis-)Perceptions, information, and political polarization: A survey and a systematic literature review

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The future of wildlife conservation funding: What options do U.S. college students support?

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Examining semantic (dis)similarity in news through news organizations’ ideological similarity, similarity in truthfulness, and public engagement on social media: a network approach

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Seven years of studying the associations between political polarization and problematic information: a literature review

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The influence of social identity on attitudes toward wildlife

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The Capture Effect: How Media Capture Affects Journalists, Markets and Audiences

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Ideological responses to the breaking of COVID-19 social distancing recommendations

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Polarization from the perspective of ambivalents: Feeling caught in the social crossfire of the U.S. abortion debate

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Political Polarization Triggers Conservatives’ Misinformation Spread to Attain Ingroup Dominance

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Inclusivity in the marketplace through the lens of social-movements and counter-movements theories

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Explanations of and interventions against affective polarization cannot afford to ignore the power of ingroup norm perception

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Unraveling a “Cancel Culture” Dynamic: When, Why, and Which Americans Sanction Offensive Speech

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Public resistance to climate policy amid energy crisis and populism: The case of the European Green Deal in the Czech Republic

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Computational analysis of US congressional speeches reveals a shift from evidence to intuition

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Fact-Checking in Journalism: An Epistemological Framework

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Does Talking to the Other Side Reduce Inter-Party Hostility? Evidence From Three StudiesPreprint

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Data Driven Model to Investigate Political Bias in Mainstream Media

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Journalists’ Ethical Responsibility: Tackling Hate Speech Against Women Politicians in Social Media Through Natural Language Processing Techniques

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When political elites talk, citizens reply. Affective polarization through temporal orientation and intergroup emotions

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Why Twitter Sometimes Rewards What Most People Disapprove of: The Case of Cross-Party Political Relations

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Why can't we be friends? Untangling conjoined polarization in America

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Media anti-populism and political parallelism in Latin America

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Rational inference strategies and the genesis of polarization and extremism

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Polarized sharing of fake news on social media: the complex roles of partisan identification and gender

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A high-dimensional approach to measuring online polarization

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Public Opinion in the News: Examining Portrayals and Viewpoint Heterogeneity

Beckers, K., & Moy, P. (2021) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2021.1984282 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The Psychology and Neuroscience of Partisanship

Harris, E., Pärnamets, P., Sternisko, A., Robertson, C. E., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Política, uso de medios y polarización afectiva en España

Crespo-Martínez, I., Melero-López, I., Mora-Rodríguez, A., & Rojo-Martínez, J.-M. (2024) · Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación · doi:10.14198/medcom.26681 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Examining the Role of Political Party Predispositions and Polarized Media on Network Agenda Setting: The Case of Syrian Refugees in Türkiye

Melek, G. (2023) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990231211796 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Effects of Over-Time Exposure to Partisan Media and Coverage of Polarization on Perceived Polarization

Heseltine, M., von Hohenberg, B. C., Menchen-Trevino, E., Gackowski, T., & Wojcieszak, M. (2024) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2024.2423093 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Opening or Impasse? Critical Media Literacy Pedagogy in a Posttruth Era

Tebaldi, C., & Nygreen, K. (2021) · Culture Studies &#x2194 Critical Methodologies · doi:10.1177/15327086211065810 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Powerful in pearls and Willie Brown’s mistress: a computational analysis of gendered news coverage of Kamala Harris on the partisan extremes

Heckman, M., Bhargava, R., & Ndulue, E. B. (2023) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2023.2280545 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Numeric social-media posts engage people with climate science

Peters, E. M., Markowitz, D. M., Nadratowski, A., & Shoots‐Reinhard, B. L. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae250 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Examining spread of emotional political content among Democratic and Republican candidates during the 2018 US mid-term elections

Wang, M.-J., Yogeeswaran, K., Sivaram, S., & Nash, K. A. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00987-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Political violence and inaccurate metaperceptions

Lees, J. M. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2204045119 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Beyond Polarization: Right-Wing News as a Quasi-religious Phenomenon

Mann, M., & Winchester, D. (2025) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1177/07352751251326951 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Online schadenfreude as an outcome of ideological polarization: a case in Hong Kong

Au, C. H., & Ho, K. K. W. (2021) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-03-2021-0142 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Epistemic language in news headlines shapes readers’ perceptions of objectivity

Chuey, A., Luo, Y., & Markman, E. M. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2314091121 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

The social tensions felt within: Explaining felt ambivalence about polarized societal debates through perceived opinion discrepancies in the social environment

Ton, G. M., Stroebe, K. E., & van Zomeren, M. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12574 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

American Media Coverage of the January 6, 2021 Events at the United States Capitol: A Glimpse into the Polarisation of the United States News Media

Ostafiński, W. (2022) · Zeszyty Prasoznawcze · doi:10.4467/22996362pz.22.037.16495 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Building peace through dialogic teaching: the Civic Conversations teacher professional development program

Ross, K. (2024) · Journal of Peace Education · doi:10.1080/17400201.2024.2407801 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Roadblocks of polarization: Interpretive mechanisms of opposition to a speed limit policy on German highways

Grünwald, L., & Patterson, J. (2025) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2025.104009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Developing intercultural competence in a training program for boundary-crossing Jewish and Palestinian pre-service teachers

Hisherik, M., Gindi, S., Awida, N., & Saada, N. L. (2025) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2025.104996 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Online toxic speech as positioning acts: Hate as discursive mechanisms for othering and belonging

Morales, E., Hodson, J., O’Meara, V., Gruzd, A. A., & Mai, P. (2025) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251338493 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Did COVID-19 change the political communication of polarizing leaders? The case of Salvini's campaigning before and after the pandemic

Bitonti, A., Marchetti, R., & Mariotti, C. (2022) · European Journal of Communication · doi:10.1177/02673231221140697 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Maximizing biomedical research impacts through bioethical considerations

Tornini, V. A., Politi, S. P., Bruce, L., & Latham, S. R. (2023) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.050046 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Political polarization: a curse of knowledge?

Beattie, P. M., & Beattie, M. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1200627 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Escaping social media: the end of netizen’s political polarization between Islamists and nationalists in Indonesia?

Syahputra, I., Riyanto, W. F., Pratiwi, F. D., & Virga, R. L. (2023) · Media Asia · doi:10.1080/01296612.2023.2246726 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Mainstream Consensus and the Expansive Fringe: Characterizing the Polarized Information Ecosystems of Online Climate Change Discourse

Uyheng, J., Tyagi, A., & Carley, K. M. (2021) · Web Science Conference · doi:10.1145/3447535.3462486 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Trust repertoires and the reception of institutional responses to the COVID-19 crisis in Europe: A latent class analysis

Verboord, M. (2024) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/00207152231223730 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Do Polarization Narratives Apply to Politics on the Periphery? The Case of Atlantic Canada

McLay, R., & Ramos, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.655880 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Knowledge Graph Augmented Political Perspective Detection in News Media.Preprint

Feng, S., Chen, Z., Li, Q., & Luo, M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Continuity and Change in Trust in Scientists in the United States: Demographic Stability and Partisan Polarization

Schulman, J., Druckman, J. N., Safarpour, A., Baum, M. A., Ognyanova, K., Trujillo, K. L., Quintana, A., Qu, H., Uslu, A. A., Perlis, R. H., et al. (2025) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfaf059 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

How to divide people with things: division entrepreneurs, wedges, and the Delta Smelt controversy

Scoville, C. (2024) · American Journal of Cultural Sociology · doi:10.1057/s41290-024-00212-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

How the manner in which data is visualized affects and corrects (mis)perceptions of political polarization

Tartaglione, J., & de‐Wit, L. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12787 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

What is Polarization in the Social Sciences? A Scoping Review of Reviews

Garzón‐Velandia, D. C., Barreto, I., & Cameselle, J. M. S. (2024) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/acp.2024.27.2.11 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Unraveling a “Cancel Culture” Dynamic: When and Why Americans Sanction Offensive SpeechPreprint

Dias, N. C., Druckman, J. N., & Levendusky, M. S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4235680 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Political polarization at the workplace: implications for knowledge management behaviors and coping mechanisms

Ali, I., Aziz, M. F., Albishri, N. A., Dash, S., Temperini, V., & Usai, A. (2026) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-04-2025-0597 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

How Mass Media Influences U.S. Political Polarization— A Comparison Study of CNN and Fox News

Yang, J. (2023) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202317802005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Still facing the ‘paper ceiling’? Exploring gender differences in political news coverage of the last decade

Andrich, A., & Domahidi, E. (2023) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849231215194 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Loyalties and interests: How political motivations influence voters’ responses to scandals

Filho, A. J. P., Stephenson, L. B., & Turgeon, M. (2024) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2024.102792 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The Manifestation of Affective Polarization on Social Media: A Cross-Platform Supervised Machine Learning Approach

Overgaard, C. S. B., Lukito, J., & Soorholtz, K. (2024) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31380 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

The political communication of polarizing leaders. Evidence from Italy

Mariotti, C., & Stanziano, A. (2024) · Contemporary Italian Politics · doi:10.1080/23248823.2024.2362487 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Neonicotinoid seed treatment on sugar beet in England: a qualitative analysis of the controversy, existing policy and viability of alternatives

Romanowski, H., & Blake, L. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-023-00830-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works

To meme or not to meme? Political social media posts and ideologically motivated aggression in job recommendations

Ridge, R. D., Hawk, C. E., Hartvigsen, L. D., & McCombs, L. D. (2024) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2024.2316619 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Holding a Position: Public Opinion as Cognition in a Disorganized Field

Boutyline, A. (2022) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2022.101710 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Seeking Evidence of The MAGA Cult and Trump Derangement Syndrome: An Examination of (A)symmetric Political Bias

Franks, A. S., & Hesami, F. (2021) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc11030113 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Introduction du dossier

Klaus, E., & Kaciaf, N. (2024) · Politiques de communication · doi:10.3917/pdc.022.0005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Examining the Impact of Digital Jury Moderation on the Polarization of U.S. Political Communities on Social Media

Micek, C., & Solovey, E. (2024) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iwae036 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Spiking up anger, nostalgia and disgust: The polarized dynamics of Turkish women’s volleyball

Kösen, M. G., & Erdoğan, E. (2025) · Mediterranean Politics · doi:10.1080/13629395.2024.2420473 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Is trust a zero-sum game? What happens when institutional sources get it wrong

Dawson, A., Bista, A., & Wilson, A. E. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321743 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

United or Divided? A Polarized Society’s Response to War

Feinstein, Y., & Ben-David, G. (2026) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfag014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Redesigning algorithms to intervene on social norm misperceptions during a national election

Brady, W. J., Doyle, M., Elnakouri, A., Finkel, E. J., Jackson, J. C., Kteily, N., Parker, V., Puryear, C., Spelman, T., Teeny, J. D., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10536-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The intensifying effects of polarised populisms: opposed Islamist and Bourguibist discourses in post-revolutionary Tunisia

Murphey, H. L. (2023) · The Journal of North African Studies · doi:10.1080/13629387.2023.2183388 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Exploring affective Polarisation of the (Digital) Public Sphere in Slovenia: The Case of Marshal Twito

Mahmutović, M., & Lovec, M. (2024) · Javnost - The Public · doi:10.1080/13183222.2024.2383903 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Why partisans feel hated: Distinct static and dynamic relationships with animosity meta-perceptions

Lees, J. M., Cikara, M., & Druckman, J. N. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae324 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Does partisan media make a pawn of mistrust? Institutional trust and preventive COVID‐19 health behaviors in a polarized pandemic

Dawson, A., Wang, W., Taylor, M., Ingram, B., Gibson, S., & Wilson, A. E. (2023) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12794 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Aspects of Polarization: Discussion about the Political Mood in American Society

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(Social) Media: Binding or Blinding?

Kruikemeier, S., & Vliegenthart, R. (2024) · Tijdschrift voor Communicatiewetenschappen · doi:10.5117/tcw2024.2.002.krui · Cited by 1 · see citing works

What drives affective polarization? A systematic literature review

Kogel, M. J., & Zinnatullin, A. (2026) · European Political Science · doi:10.1017/s1682098326100642

Political Polarization and Media Narratives: Understanding the Psychology of Division in Modern Democracies

Haruna, D. H. A. (2025) · Contemporary Thought and Society International Journal · doi:10.63665/ctsij.v1i1.03

Abating Dissonant Public Spheres: Exploring the Effects of Affective, Ideological and Perceived Societal Political Polarization on Social Media Political Persuasion

de Zúñiga, H. G., Marcos-Marné, H., & Carty, E. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003479598-14