Evidence of Microplastic Translocation in Wild-Caught Fish and Implications for Microplastic Accumulation Dynamics in Food Webs
Abstract
The presence of microplastics within the gut of animals is well documented. Whether microplastics bioaccumulate in organisms and biomagnify in food webs remains unclear and relies on the ability of microplastics to translocate to other tissues. Here, we demonstrate the widespread presence of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles in the gastrointestinal tract, fillet, and livers of seven species of sportfish from Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. Larger fish had a higher microplastic load compared to smaller fish, but the opposite trend was observed with translocated microplastics standardized by fish mass (i.e., smaller fish contained more translocated particles per gram wet weight than larger fish). Moreover, we observed no evidence of biomagnification as there was no significant relationship between the trophic level and total or translocated microplastics per individual. Overall, this suggests that microplastics are translocating, but that excretion of translocated particles or growth dilution may be occurring rather than bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Moreover, the assemblages of shapes and material types varied among tissues, suggesting that particle characteristics may predict biological fate. Our findings highlight the need for further work to understand the mechanisms of microplastic translocation and excretion and the implications for the dynamics of microplastics accumulation in food webs and human exposure.
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Limited data exists on contamination of tissues in freshwater fish, such as the muscle tissue (fillets) typically consumed by humans.
“Although the edible tissues of seafood have been a large focus in the literature,21 limited data exists on the contamination of tissues in freshwater fish, such as the muscle tissue (fillets) that are typically consumed by humans.22–24”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
Microplastic contamination in gut content is not a good predictor of contamination in other tissues and cannot be applied to better understand human exposure.
“Moreover, studies suggest that microplastic contamination in the gut content is not a good predictor of contamination in other tissues and cannot be applied to better understand human exposure.22”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
The negative relationship between fish length and fillet particle concentration suggests that bioaccumulation is not occurring, and instead other mechanisms such as growth dilution or biliary excretion may be driving this pattern.
“This suggests that bioaccumulation is not occurring, and instead other mechanisms (such as growth dilution or biliary excretion) may be driving this pattern.12,22”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
The presence of anthropogenic particles in other tissues, such as livers and fillets, suggests the possibility that anthropogenic particles can accumulate and persist in fish over longer time spans.
“The presence of anthropogenic particles in other tissues, such as livers and fillets, suggests the possibility that anthropogenic particles can accumulate and persist in fish over longer time spans.22”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
The negative relationship between fish length and fillet concentrations supports the possibility that translocated anthropogenic particles can be excreted over time (e.g., biliary excretion) or there may be growth dilution.
“This supports the possibility that translocated anthropogenic particles can be excreted over time (e.g., biliary excretion) or there may be growth dilution.12,22”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
We did not observe evidence of bioaccumulation or biomagnification of microplastics in fish.
“Here, similar to findings reported in other studies, we did not observe evidence of bioaccumulation22,23 or biomagnification.23,76”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
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Løvmo, S. D., Speth, M. T., Repnik, U., Koppang, E. O., Griffiths, G. W., & Hildahl, J. P. (2017) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.016 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Evidence of particulate uptake by the gut of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
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Persorption — Criticism and Agreement as Based upon In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on Mammals
Steffens, K. ‐. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79511-4_2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Garcia, M. A., Liu, R., Nihart, A., El Hayek, E., Castillo, E., Barrozo, E. R., Suter, M. A., Bleske, B., Scott, J., Forsythe, K., et al. (2024) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfae021 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Mayer, P. M., Moran, K. D., Miller, E. L., Brander, S. M., Harper, S., Garcia-Jaramillo, M., Carrasco-Navarro, V., Ho, K. T., Burgess, R. M., Thornton Hampton, L. M., et al. (2024) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171153 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Microplastics in lakes and rivers: An issue of emerging significance to limnology
D’Avignon, G., Gregory-Eaves, I., & Ricciardi, A. (2022) · Environmental Reviews · doi:10.1139/er-2021-0048 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Thornton Hampton, L. M., Brander, S. M., Coffin, S., Cole, M., Hermabessiere, L., Koelmans, A. A., & Rochman, C. M. (2022) · Microplastics and Nanoplastics · doi:10.1186/s43591-022-00040-4 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationSolomando, A., Cohen-Sánchez, A., Box, A., Montero, I., Pinya, S., & Sureda, A. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113369 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Covernton, G. A., Cox, K. D., Fleming, W. L., Buirs, B. M., Davies, H. L., Juanes, F., Dudas, S. E., & Dower, J. F. (2022) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2654 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mycobacteriaceae Mineralizes Micropolyethylene in Riverine Ecosystems.
Sun, X., Chen, Z., Kong, T., Chen, Z., Dong, Y., Kolton, M., Cao, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Liu, G., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c05346 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Milne, M. H., Helm, P. A., Munno, K., Bhavsar, S. P., & Rochman, C. M. (2024) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp13540 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…builds on other studies focused on investigating spatial di ff erences and variation across species, including Munno et al. and Mcilwraith et al. 22,47 Instead of further pursuing those questions, we conducted deeper investigations into di ff erences across fi sh tissues under a worst-case…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- McIlwraith, H. K., Kim, J., Helm, P., Bhavsar, S. P., Metzger, J. S., & Rochman, C. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Rochman, Chelsea M.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2021-09-09
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 12372-12382
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W3197256738
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 10.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Minist??re de l'Environnement, de la Protection de la nature et des Parcs (LS-16-17-008)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastics, biomagnification, bioaccumulation, food webs, sport fish, wild fish, gastrointestinal tract, liver, fillet, fish size, Lake Simcoe, human exposure
- MeSH terms
- Microplastics, Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Ontario, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Food Chain
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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