The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water
Open accessAbstract
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) completed nationwide screening of six perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. drinking water from 2013–2015 under the Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3). UCMR3 efforts yielded a dataset of 36,139 samples containing analytical results from >5,000 public water systems (PWSs). This study used UCMR3 data to investigate three aspects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water: the occurrence of PFAS and co-contaminant mixtures, trends in PFAS detections relative to PWS characteristics and potential release types, and temporal trends in PFAS occurrence. This was achieved through bivariate and multivariate analyses including categorical analysis, concentration ratios, and hierarchical cluster analysis. Approximately 50% of samples with PFAS detections contained ≥2 PFASs, and 72% of detections occurred in groundwater. Large PWSs (>10,000 customers) were 5.6 times more likely than small PWSs (≤10,000 customers) to exhibit PFAS detections; however, when detected, median total PFAS concentrations were higher in small PWSs (0.12 μg/L) than in large (0.053 μg/L). Bivariate and multivariate analyses of PFAS composition suggested PWSs reflect impacts due to firefighting foam use and WWTP effluent as compared to other source types for which data were available. Mann-Kendall analysis of quarterly total PFAS detection rates indicated an increasing trend over time (p=0.03). UCMR3 data provide a foundation for tiered design of targeted sampling and analysis plans to address remaining knowledge gaps in the sources, composition, and concentrations of PFASs in U.S. drinking water.
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Claims the paper makes
49 Own result · 32 Own interpretation · 16 Not checked yet · 7 No basis given · 3 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a statistically-significant difference between the groundwater and surface water sample sets (Mann-Whitney U test; p<0.01).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Odds ratios ranged from 46 (PFOS and PFNA) to 876 (PFOS and PFHxS).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“significant (p<0.05) positive correlations in concentrations of six PFAS pairs (PFOS/PFOA, PFOS/PFHxS, PFOS/PFHpA, PFOA/PFHxS, PFOA/PFHpA, and PFBS/PFHpA) did occur.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was a high degree of association between most pairs of PFASs.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Resulting clusters support results of bivariate concentration correlations.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“rates of occurrence and concentrations of the individual UCMR3 PFASs were also higher in groundwater vs. surface water with the exception of PFBS (Figure S.5)”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“groundwater was predominant in UCMR3 data, representing 72% of all samples where PFAS detections occurred”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of detections of each compound varied from 19 (PFNA and PFBS) to 379 (PFOA, Figure S.1).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, 61% of groundwater samples had total PFSA to total PFASs ratios greater than 0.5.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFAS detections ranged from 0.01 (PFHpA) to 7 μg/L (PFOS).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
plainn = 36,977- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, PFOA and PFHpA cluster together and are distinct from an adjacent cluster of PFOS and PFHxS.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFHpA is the only UCMR3 PFAS that exhibits weak sorption similar to that of PFBS (Guelfo and Higgins 2013), and though it has higher occurrence and average concentration in groundwater, the differences were minor as compared to the segregation by source water type seen for other groundwater dominant PFASs.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guelfo and Higgins 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In surface water, only 37% of samples with detections were dominated by PFSAs and the remaining 63% had PFSA to total PFASs ratios of less than 0.5 (i.e. were dominated by PFCAs).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentration distributions illustrate that increases in the number of PFASs detected in drinking water samples are associated with higher average total PFAS levels and increased likelihood of exceeding the LHA (Figure 2).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“detections of PFBS were primarily in surface water, and PFBS is the only UCMR3 PFAS where the rate of detection was higher in surface water vs. groundwater.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFBS did not cluster with either of these two groups, but it was more closely related to the PFOA/PFHpA and PFOS/PFHxS clusters than PFNA.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest odds ratio was observed for PFOS and PFHxS and this pair also exhibited a significant, positive correlation in concentrations (Figure S.2).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“detections of PFASs occurred in 1.6% of samples and 4% of PWSs in the 2013–2015 period.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
plainn = 36,977- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The detection rate for at least one PFAS in small systems using groundwater was 0.4% as compared to a 1.9% detection rate in all groundwater samples.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses of the UCMR3 dataset based on PWS characteristics revealed higher average, total PFAS concentrations in groundwater and in small systems (Figure 3, Figure S.5).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
plaincorrelationaln = 8 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For overall PFAS detections, the slope of the best-fit regression line was increasing but not statistically different from zero (p=0.26), while Mann-Kendall analysis indicated an increasing trend in detection rates over time (p=0.03).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.4 PFAS Persistence Over Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Considering only UCMR3 PFASs, previous work has found raw drinking water sources impacted by fluoropolymer manufacturing were comprised of a median of 79% PFCAs (Dauchy et al. 2012), compared to the median value of 100% in UCMR3 surface water samples with detections.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dauchy et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In UCMR3 data, ratios of PFOS to PFHpA, PFOA to PFHpA, and PFBS to PFHpA are different from the majority of fluoropolymer manufacturing ratios. They are consistent with AFFF-impacted groundwater and, to some degree, WWTP effluent (Figure 2c and Figure S.3).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Concentration ratios of PFAS pairs in UCMR3 can be compared with ratios from AFFF-impacted groundwater, WWTP effluent, and fluoropolymer manufacturing to infer source types.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dissimilarity of PFNA and PFBS is related to low detection rates (which impacts the concentration-based cluster analyses) but also may reflect other factors.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These trends suggest samples with more than five PFASs present will contain still greater total PFAS concentrations and will exceed the LHA.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AFFF poses particular relevance to groundwater because it is primarily land applied leading to potential for subsurface migration, and as discussed, multiple PFAS ratios in UCMR3 were consistent with ratios measured in groundwater at AFFF-impacted sites.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ratios PFHxS to PFOS in data from UCMR3, and each of these source types were similar (Figure 2a), making it difficult to use this specific pair to better understand predominant sources of PFASs in UCMR3.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The similarity of PFBS to PFHpA ratios in UCMR3 to WWTP effluent is particularly interesting because WWTP effluent is expected to release primarily to surface water bodies and the majority of the limited PFBS detections in UCMR3 data were in surface water.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Concentration ratios of PFAS pairs in UCMR3 can be compared with ratios from AFFF-impacted groundwater, WWTP effluent, and fluoropolymer manufacturing to infer source types.
In the paper
“WWTPs typically discharge effluent to surface water, they receive wastes from numerous potential sources including landfill leachate, and are generally ineffective at removing PFASs (Merino et al. 2016).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Merino et al. 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Manufacturing facilities may impact surface water through surface runoff, storm water outfalls, or industrial WWTP effluent.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the resulting dataset is large and includes a broad distribution of PWSs in the U.S. and its territories.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on these results, it is possible that some PWSs with exceedances of the LHA yielded non-detect results for one or both compounds, and some PWSs measured as exceeding the LHA may have true concentrations that are lower.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An increasing number of studies have identified a variety of precursors and replacement products for compounds such as PFOA in both groundwater and surface water (Backe et al. 2013; Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017; Strynar et al. 2015; Sun et al. 2016).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Combined, the MRLs for PFOA (0.02 μg/L) and PFOS (0.04 μg/L) are 0.06 μg/L, which is approximately 14% lower than the 0.07 μg/L LHA.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies estimate that in 2010, 44.5 million U.S. residents used private wells as a major source of drinking water (Hu et al. 2016; Maupin, Molly A. et al. 2014).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hu et al. 2016
- Not checked yetcites Maupin, Molly A. et al. 2014
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the rate of PFAS detection in small PWSs and private wells is likely to be lower than other system types, there may be relatively elevated PFAS levels in these supplies when impacts do occur.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
hedgedcorrelationaln = 8 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This method is considered valid because >99% samples were analyzed for all 6 PFASs simultaneously and the same MRLs were used throughout the UCMR3 monitoring period.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.4 PFAS Persistence Over Time
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Though based on detections, these results support a previous study that found concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in a North Carolina watershed remained similar between 2006 and 2013 (Sun et al. 2016).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.4 PFAS Persistence Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sun et al. 2016 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be attributable to less dilution at small-system wells with relatively modest pumping rates and capture zones, a trait that may be further exacerbated at private wells that serve household demand.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
hedgedconditionaln = 8 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The six PFASs monitored in UCMR3 are sufficient to characterize PFAS mixtures and infer sources in U.S. drinking water.
“Occurrence of these additional PFASs in UCMR3 was not evaluated, but results of previous studies suggest there will be instances where they occur.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Concentration ratios of PFAS pairs in UCMR3 can be compared with ratios from AFFF-impacted groundwater, WWTP effluent, and fluoropolymer manufacturing to infer source types.
“These six pairs were further examined by comparing ranges of ratios that occurred within samples to ratios measured in AFFF-impacted groundwater, WWTP effluent, and fluoropolymer manufacturing (Figure 2).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Data from small public water systems using groundwater are representative of private wells.
“To better understand resulting knowledge gaps, data from small PWSs using groundwater were assumed to be representative of private wells.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The co-occurrence of CDFM and 1,1-dichloroethane with PFAS was also noted in the UCMR3 dataset.3”
From Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater Used as a Source of Drinking Water in the Eastern United States (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The presence of PFAS in drinking water has been illustrated in multiple studies (e.g., Hu et al., 2016; Guelfo and Adamson, 2018).”
From Global distributions, source-type dependencies, and concentration ranges of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater (2022) · cites this paper as Guelfo and Adamson, 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > Abstract
“UCMR3 efforts yielded a dataset of 36,139 samples containing analytical results from >5,000 public water systems (PWSs).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
“A total of 36,977 samples from 4,920 PWSs were analyzed for PFASs as part of the UCMR3 monitoring”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 2. METHODS > 2.1 Data Sources
“Each PWS sampled for at least one year, yielding 36,139 samples analyzed for PFASs.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
“A total of 36,977 samples from 4,920 PWSs were analyzed for PFASs as part of the UCMR3 monitoring”
Citations
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BackgroundHu, X. C., Andrews, D. Q., Lindstrom, A. B., Bruton, T. A., Schaider, L. A., Grandjean, P., Lohmann, R., Carignan, C. C., Blum, A., Balan, S. A., et al. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260 · Cited by 1,333 · cited 5×
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“Additionally, PFAS use has changed over time (Houtz et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013).”
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Persistence of Perfluoroalkyl Acid Precursors in AFFF-Impacted Groundwater and Soil
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“Additionally, PFAS use has changed over time (Houtz et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cui, J., Gao, P., & Deng, Y. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b05565 · Cited by 742
Blake, B. E., & Fenton, S. E. (2020) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2020.152565 · Cited by 499
“The specific mixture and volume of PFAS emitted into the environment varies based on the point source (Guelfo et al. 2019; Guelfo and Adamson 2018; Xu et al. 2016).”
BackgroundWater Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues
Richardson, S. D., & Kimura, S. Y. (2019) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05269 · Cited by 497
Developmental origins of metabolic diseases
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Adsorption of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from aqueous solution: A review
Zhang, D. Q., Zhang, W. L., & Liang, Y. N. (2019) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133606 · Cited by 463
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“As a result, they are widely detected in the environment (Dauchy et al. 2019; Pan et al. 2018), wildlife (Cui et al. 2018; Escoruela et al. 2018; Route et al. 2014), drinking water (Guelfo and Adamson 2018; Guelfo et al. 2018), and humans (Daly et al. 2018; Hurley et al. 2018; Jain 2018).”
Crone, B. C., Speth, T. F., Wahman, D. G., Smith, S. J., Abulikemu, G., Kleiner, E. J., & Pressman, J. G. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2019.1614848 · Cited by 408
“PFCAs, conversely, occurred at higher percentages in surface waters as compared to PFSAs (Guelfo & Adamson, 2018).”
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Unsaturated PFOS and Other PFASs in Human Serum and Drinking Water from an AFFF-Impacted Community
McDonough, C. A., Choyke, S. J., Barton, K. E., Mass, S., Starling, A. P., Adgate, J. L., & Higgins, C. P. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00522 · Cited by 161
Occurrence, fate, sources and toxicity of PFAS: What we know so far in Florida and major gaps
Cui, D., Li, X., & Quinete, N. (2020) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2020.115976 · Cited by 150
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“…analyses, principal component analysis (PCA), and grouping / clustering of the PFAS analytes under different sources along with geospatial analytical tools have been used to understand source attribution (Guelfo & Adamson, 2018; Hu et al., 2016; Kibbey et al., 2021; Zhang, Lohmann et al., 2016).”
Self-citationMeasuring total PFASs in water: The tradeoff between selectivity and inclusivity
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“[11,14,22] Additionally, after release a single polyfluoroalkyl parent can generate a mixture of related intermediate polyfluoroalkyl transformation products and terminal recalcitrant PFAAs.”
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FluoroMatch 2.0—making automated and comprehensive non-targeted PFAS annotation a reality
Koelmel, J. P., Stelben, P., McDonough, C. A., Dukes, D. A., Aristizabal‐Henao, J. J., Nason, S. L., Li, Y., Sternberg, S., Lin, E. Z., Beckmann, M., et al. (2021) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-021-03392-7 · Cited by 123
“fluorinated AFFFs were phased out as of 2002 [42], but they remain environmentally relevant, understudied, and a major contributor to ongoing PFAS contamination [41, 43].”
BackgroundCharbonnet, J. A., Rodowa, A. E., Joseph, N. T., Guelfo, J. L., Field, J. A., Jones, G. D., Higgins, C. P., Helbling, D. E., & Houtz, E. F. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c08506 · Cited by 121
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“Drinking water systems in the United States that are impacted by PFAS usually have various nonpolymeric PFAS present (Guelfo and Adamson, 2018) and serum analysis of the general population consistently detects several of the persistent perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs; CDC, 2019; Jain, 2018).”
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Perfluorooctanesulfonate degrades in a laccase-mediator system
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“In a US national research project to determine the contaminants in drinking water, 50% of samples were determined to contain more than two PFAS and 72% of the detections occurred in ground water samples (Guelfo and Adamson 2018).”
BackgroundDeveloping a groundwater watch list for substances of emerging concern: a European perspective
Lapworth, D. J., López, B., Laabs, V., Kozel, R., Wolter, R., Ward, R., Amelin, E. V., Besien, T., Jw, C., Delloye, F., et al. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaf4d7 · Cited by 97
“Of these substances, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are the most studied compounds regarding their potential widespread effects on the environment (Lindstrom et al 2011, Herzke et al 2009, Guelfo and Adamson 2018).”
BackgroundLi, H., Hammarstrand, S., Midberg, B., Xu, Y., Li, Y., Olsson, D. S., Fletcher, T., Jakobsson, K., & Andersson, E. M. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112217 · Cited by 100
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“…EDCs, endocrine disrupting chemicals; HR, hazard ratio; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; PFAS, perfluoroalkyl substances; PFDoA, perfluorododecanoic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, per-fluorooctanesulfonic acid. and Adamson, 2018; Hu et al., 2019).”
PFAS in drinking water and serum of the people of a southeast Alaska community: A pilot study
Babayev, M., Capozzi, S. L., Miller, P. K., McLaughlin, K. R., Medina, S. S., Byrne, S. C., Zheng, G., & Salamova, A. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119246 · Cited by 77
“The Σ PFAS concentrations detected in residential drinking water samples in this pilot study were similar to those measured across 5,000 public waterworks in the U.S. from 2013 to 2015 (25 to 180 ng/L) (Guelfo and Adamson, 2018).”
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PFAS and Potential Adverse Effects on Bone and Adipose Tissue through Interactions with PPARγ
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Characterization of relevant site-specific PFAS fate and transport processes at multiple AFFF sites
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Assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances levels in tap and bottled water samples from Turkey
Endirlik, B. Ü., Bakır, E., Boşgelmez, İ. İ., Eken, A., Narin, İ., & Gürbay, A. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.228 · Cited by 77
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Associations of per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances with glucocorticoids and progestogens in newborns
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“…nature, PFAS are persistent in the environment and frequently detected in various environmental matrices such as water (Appleman et al., 2014; Guelfo & Adamson, 2018; Hu et al., 2016), biosolids (Alder & van der Voet, 2015; Armstrong, Lozano, Rice, Ramirez, & Torrents, 2016; Navarro et al.,…”
BackgroundPrivate Wells and Rural Health: Groundwater Contaminants of Emerging Concern
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Metadata
- Authors
- Guelfo, J. L., & Adamson, D. T.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- GSI Environmental (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Guelfo, Jennifer L.
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 236
- Pages
- 505-513
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5849529
- OpenAlex
- W2793001426
- Semantic Scholar
- 122e721432e75bde70678343a66d1b958f597500
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 9.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2P42 ES013660)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, drinking water contamination, public water systems, groundwater contamination, firefighting foam, wastewater treatment plant effluent, temporal trends, source apportionment, concentration ratio
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Government Regulation, Groundwater, Drinking Water
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