The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water
Open accessAbstract
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) completed nationwide screening of six perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. drinking water from 2013–2015 under the Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3). UCMR3 efforts yielded a dataset of 36,139 samples containing analytical results from >5,000 public water systems (PWSs). This study used UCMR3 data to investigate three aspects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water: the occurrence of PFAS and co-contaminant mixtures, trends in PFAS detections relative to PWS characteristics and potential release types, and temporal trends in PFAS occurrence. This was achieved through bivariate and multivariate analyses including categorical analysis, concentration ratios, and hierarchical cluster analysis. Approximately 50% of samples with PFAS detections contained ≥2 PFASs, and 72% of detections occurred in groundwater. Large PWSs (>10,000 customers) were 5.6 times more likely than small PWSs (≤10,000 customers) to exhibit PFAS detections; however, when detected, median total PFAS concentrations were higher in small PWSs (0.12 μg/L) than in large (0.053 μg/L). Bivariate and multivariate analyses of PFAS composition suggested PWSs reflect impacts due to firefighting foam use and WWTP effluent as compared to other source types for which data were available. Mann-Kendall analysis of quarterly total PFAS detection rates indicated an increasing trend over time (p=0.03). UCMR3 data provide a foundation for tiered design of targeted sampling and analysis plans to address remaining knowledge gaps in the sources, composition, and concentrations of PFASs in U.S. drinking water.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a statistically-significant difference between the groundwater and surface water sample sets (Mann-Whitney U test; p<0.01).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
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In the paper
“Odds ratios ranged from 46 (PFOS and PFNA) to 876 (PFOS and PFHxS).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“significant (p<0.05) positive correlations in concentrations of six PFAS pairs (PFOS/PFOA, PFOS/PFHxS, PFOS/PFHpA, PFOA/PFHxS, PFOA/PFHpA, and PFBS/PFHpA) did occur.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was a high degree of association between most pairs of PFASs.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Resulting clusters support results of bivariate concentration correlations.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“rates of occurrence and concentrations of the individual UCMR3 PFASs were also higher in groundwater vs. surface water with the exception of PFBS (Figure S.5)”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“groundwater was predominant in UCMR3 data, representing 72% of all samples where PFAS detections occurred”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of detections of each compound varied from 19 (PFNA and PFBS) to 379 (PFOA, Figure S.1).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, 61% of groundwater samples had total PFSA to total PFASs ratios greater than 0.5.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFAS detections ranged from 0.01 (PFHpA) to 7 μg/L (PFOS).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 36,977Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, PFOA and PFHpA cluster together and are distinct from an adjacent cluster of PFOS and PFHxS.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFHpA is the only UCMR3 PFAS that exhibits weak sorption similar to that of PFBS (Guelfo and Higgins 2013), and though it has higher occurrence and average concentration in groundwater, the differences were minor as compared to the segregation by source water type seen for other groundwater dominant PFASs.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guelfo and Higgins 2013 source
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In surface water, only 37% of samples with detections were dominated by PFSAs and the remaining 63% had PFSA to total PFASs ratios of less than 0.5 (i.e. were dominated by PFCAs).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentration distributions illustrate that increases in the number of PFASs detected in drinking water samples are associated with higher average total PFAS levels and increased likelihood of exceeding the LHA (Figure 2).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“detections of PFBS were primarily in surface water, and PFBS is the only UCMR3 PFAS where the rate of detection was higher in surface water vs. groundwater.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFBS did not cluster with either of these two groups, but it was more closely related to the PFOA/PFHpA and PFOS/PFHxS clusters than PFNA.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest odds ratio was observed for PFOS and PFHxS and this pair also exhibited a significant, positive correlation in concentrations (Figure S.2).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“detections of PFASs occurred in 1.6% of samples and 4% of PWSs in the 2013–2015 period.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The detection rate for at least one PFAS in small systems using groundwater was 0.4% as compared to a 1.9% detection rate in all groundwater samples.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses of the UCMR3 dataset based on PWS characteristics revealed higher average, total PFAS concentrations in groundwater and in small systems (Figure 3, Figure S.5).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For overall PFAS detections, the slope of the best-fit regression line was increasing but not statistically different from zero (p=0.26), while Mann-Kendall analysis indicated an increasing trend in detection rates over time (p=0.03).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.4 PFAS Persistence Over Time
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In the paper
“Considering only UCMR3 PFASs, previous work has found raw drinking water sources impacted by fluoropolymer manufacturing were comprised of a median of 79% PFCAs (Dauchy et al. 2012), compared to the median value of 100% in UCMR3 surface water samples with detections.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dauchy et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In UCMR3 data, ratios of PFOS to PFHpA, PFOA to PFHpA, and PFBS to PFHpA are different from the majority of fluoropolymer manufacturing ratios. They are consistent with AFFF-impacted groundwater and, to some degree, WWTP effluent (Figure 2c and Figure S.3).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Concentration ratios of PFAS pairs in UCMR3 can be compared with ratios from AFFF-impacted groundwater, WWTP effluent, and fluoropolymer manufacturing to infer source types.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dissimilarity of PFNA and PFBS is related to low detection rates (which impacts the concentration-based cluster analyses) but also may reflect other factors.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These trends suggest samples with more than five PFASs present will contain still greater total PFAS concentrations and will exceed the LHA.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.1 Overview of Data and Regulatory Comparison
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AFFF poses particular relevance to groundwater because it is primarily land applied leading to potential for subsurface migration, and as discussed, multiple PFAS ratios in UCMR3 were consistent with ratios measured in groundwater at AFFF-impacted sites.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ratios PFHxS to PFOS in data from UCMR3, and each of these source types were similar (Figure 2a), making it difficult to use this specific pair to better understand predominant sources of PFASs in UCMR3.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The similarity of PFBS to PFHpA ratios in UCMR3 to WWTP effluent is particularly interesting because WWTP effluent is expected to release primarily to surface water bodies and the majority of the limited PFBS detections in UCMR3 data were in surface water.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.2 Occurrence of Compound Mixtures in UCMR3
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Concentration ratios of PFAS pairs in UCMR3 can be compared with ratios from AFFF-impacted groundwater, WWTP effluent, and fluoropolymer manufacturing to infer source types.
In the paper
“WWTPs typically discharge effluent to surface water, they receive wastes from numerous potential sources including landfill leachate, and are generally ineffective at removing PFASs (Merino et al. 2016).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Merino et al. 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Manufacturing facilities may impact surface water through surface runoff, storm water outfalls, or industrial WWTP effluent.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.3 Influence of System Characteristics
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the resulting dataset is large and includes a broad distribution of PWSs in the U.S. and its territories.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on these results, it is possible that some PWSs with exceedances of the LHA yielded non-detect results for one or both compounds, and some PWSs measured as exceeding the LHA may have true concentrations that are lower.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An increasing number of studies have identified a variety of precursors and replacement products for compounds such as PFOA in both groundwater and surface water (Backe et al. 2013; Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017; Strynar et al. 2015; Sun et al. 2016).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Combined, the MRLs for PFOA (0.02 μg/L) and PFOS (0.04 μg/L) are 0.06 μg/L, which is approximately 14% lower than the 0.07 μg/L LHA.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies estimate that in 2010, 44.5 million U.S. residents used private wells as a major source of drinking water (Hu et al. 2016; Maupin, Molly A. et al. 2014).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hu et al. 2016
- Not checked yetcites Maupin, Molly A. et al. 2014
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the rate of PFAS detection in small PWSs and private wells is likely to be lower than other system types, there may be relatively elevated PFAS levels in these supplies when impacts do occur.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This method is considered valid because >99% samples were analyzed for all 6 PFASs simultaneously and the same MRLs were used throughout the UCMR3 monitoring period.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.4 PFAS Persistence Over Time
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Though based on detections, these results support a previous study that found concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in a North Carolina watershed remained similar between 2006 and 2013 (Sun et al. 2016).”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION > 3.4 PFAS Persistence Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sun et al. 2016 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be attributable to less dilution at small-system wells with relatively modest pumping rates and capture zones, a trait that may be further exacerbated at private wells that serve household demand.”
§ Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water > 4. IMPLICATIONS OF UCMR3 FOR PFAS IN US DRINKING WATER
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The six PFASs monitored in UCMR3 are sufficient to characterize PFAS mixtures and infer sources in U.S. drinking water.
“Occurrence of these additional PFASs in UCMR3 was not evaluated, but results of previous studies suggest there will be instances where they occur.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Concentration ratios of PFAS pairs in UCMR3 can be compared with ratios from AFFF-impacted groundwater, WWTP effluent, and fluoropolymer manufacturing to infer source types.
“These six pairs were further examined by comparing ranges of ratios that occurred within samples to ratios measured in AFFF-impacted groundwater, WWTP effluent, and fluoropolymer manufacturing (Figure 2).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Data from small public water systems using groundwater are representative of private wells.
“To better understand resulting knowledge gaps, data from small PWSs using groundwater were assumed to be representative of private wells.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The co-occurrence of CDFM and 1,1-dichloroethane with PFAS was also noted in the UCMR3 dataset.3”
From Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater Used as a Source of Drinking Water in the Eastern United States (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The presence of PFAS in drinking water has been illustrated in multiple studies (e.g., Hu et al., 2016; Guelfo and Adamson, 2018).”
From Global distributions, source-type dependencies, and concentration ranges of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater (2022) · cites this paper as Guelfo and Adamson, 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting counts of water systems in the PFAS dataset
MinorThe abstract says the PFAS dataset includes results from more than 5,000 public water systems, but the results say 4,920 systems were analyzed for PFASs.
“UCMR3 efforts yielded a dataset of 36,139 samples containing analytical results from >5,000 public water systems (PWSs).”
“A total of 36,977 samples from 4,920 PWSs were analyzed for PFASs as part of the UCMR3 monitoring”
Conflicting counts of samples analyzed for PFASs
MinorThe methods report 36,139 PFAS samples, while the results report 36,977 for the same monitoring program.
“Each PWS sampled for at least one year, yielding 36,139 samples analyzed for PFASs.”
“A total of 36,977 samples from 4,920 PWSs were analyzed for PFASs as part of the UCMR3 monitoring”
Citations
Cites
Buck, R. C., Franklin, J., Berger, U., Conder, J. M., Cousins, I. T., de Voogt, P., Jensen, A. A., Kannan, K., Mabury, S. A., & van Leeuwen, S. P. (2011) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.258 · Cited by 4,641 · cited 8×
“…occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment is a critical concern due to prevalence of use and release (Buck et al. 2011; Prevedouros et al. 2006), concerns about toxicity (DeWitt 2015; Lau et al. 2007; USEPA 2016b, 2016a), and known exposures (Braun et…”
BackgroundInfluentialMetsalu, T., & Vilo, J. (2015) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv468 · Cited by 3,770 · cited 1×
“Detailed methods associated with this tool for cluster analysis are described elsewhere (Metsalu and Vilo 2015).”
MethodPerfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings
Lau, C., Anitole, K., Hodes, C., Lai, D., Pfahles-Hutchens, A., & Seed, J. (2007) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm128 · Cited by 2,620 · cited 2×
“2006), concerns about toxicity (DeWitt 2015; Lau et al. 2007; USEPA 2016b, 2016a), and known exposures (Braun et al.”
BackgroundSources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates
Prevedouros, K., Cousins, I. T., Buck, R. C., & Korzeniowski, S. H. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0512475 · Cited by 2,594 · cited 6×
“…of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment is a critical concern due to prevalence of use and release (Buck et al. 2011; Prevedouros et al. 2006), concerns about toxicity (DeWitt 2015; Lau et al. 2007; USEPA 2016b, 2016a), and known exposures (Braun et al. 2016; Frisbee…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSorption of Perfluorinated Surfactants on Sediments
Higgins, C. P., & Luthy, R. G. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es061000n · Cited by 1,563 · cited 1×
“This is consistent with transport characteristics of PFBS, which exhibits weaker sorption than PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFOS (Guelfo and Higgins 2013; Higgins and Luthy 2006), and therefore less likely to be retained in aquifer sediments or the solid phase (e.g. sludge) of waste treatment processes.”
BackgroundHu, X. C., Andrews, D. Q., Lindstrom, A. B., Bruton, T. A., Schaider, L. A., Grandjean, P., Lohmann, R., Carignan, C. C., Blum, A., Balan, S. A., et al. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260 · Cited by 1,333 · cited 5×
“One study concluded that 6 million U.S residents were being served by PWSs with PFOA and PFOS concentrations that exceeded the LHA in one or more samples (Hu et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialEstimated use of water in the United States in 2005
Kenny, J. F., Barber, N. L., Hutson, S. S., Linsey, K. S., Lovelace, J. K., & Maupin, M. A. (2009) · U.S. Geological Survey circular/U.S. Geological Survey Circular · doi:10.3133/cir1344 · Cited by 1,071
Wang, Z., Cousins, I. T., Scheringer, M., & Hungerbühler, K. (2013) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.021 · Cited by 924 · cited 5×
“Additionally, PFAS use has changed over time (Houtz et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialBarzen-Hanson, K. A., Roberts, S. C., Choyke, S., Oetjen, K., McAlees, A., Riddell, N., McCrindle, R., Ferguson, P. L., Higgins, C. P., & Field, J. A. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05843 · Cited by 873
Persistence of Perfluoroalkyl Acid Precursors in AFFF-Impacted Groundwater and Soil
Houtz, E. F., Higgins, C. P., Field, J. A., & Sedlak, D. L. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es4018877 · Cited by 849 · cited 12×
“Additionally, PFAS use has changed over time (Houtz et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFate and Effects of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Aquatic Environment: A Review
Ahrens, L., & Bundschuh, M. (2014) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.2663 · Cited by 817 · cited 1×
“This process may lead to increases in perfluoroalkyl substance concentrations with time and/or distance from the release source (Ahrens and Bundschuh 2014; Weber et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSun, M., Arevalo, E., Strynar, M., Lindstrom, A., Richardson, M., Kearns, B., Pickett, A., Smith, C., & Knappe, D. R. U. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00398 · Cited by 688 · cited 2×
“Though based on detections, these results support a previous study that found concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in a North Carolina watershed remained similar between 2006 and 2013 (Sun et al. 2016).”
BackgroundResultOxidative Conversion as a Means of Detecting Precursors to Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Urban Runoff
Houtz, E. F., & Sedlak, D. L. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es302274g · Cited by 681 · cited 2×
“…that analyzes UCMR3 PFASs as an initial screening, then revisits samples with detections for further analysis using methods to quantify total PFAS load (Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017; Houtz and Sedlak 2012) would help to understand relevant exposures and provide more information regarding sources.”
BackgroundMethodBacke, W. J., Day, T. C., & Field, J. A. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3034999 · Cited by 611 · cited 2×
“Recent studies have identified numerous additional PFASs that co-occur with UCMR3 PFASs in surface water and groundwater (e.g. Backe et al. 2013; Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017; Strynar et al. 2015).”
BackgroundGuelfo, J. L., & Higgins, C. P. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3048043 · Cited by 436 · cited 3×
“PFHpA is the only UCMR3 PFAS that exhibits weak sorption similar to that of PFBS (Guelfo and Higgins 2013), and though it has higher occurrence and average concentration in groundwater, the differences were minor as compared to the segregation by source water type seen for other groundwater…”
BackgroundSelf-citationReview on the occurrence, fate and removal of perfluorinated compounds during wastewater treatment
Arvaniti, O. S., & Stasinakis, A. S. (2015) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.023 · Cited by 422 · cited 1×
“…higher percentages of PFCAs have been attributed to sources including fluoropolymer manufacturing, landfills, and WWTP effluent (Ahrens et al. 2009; Arvaniti and Stasinakis 2015; Bach et al. 2017; Dauchy et al. 2012; Houtz et al. 2016; Oliaei et al. 2013; Weber et al. 2017), which all have…”
BackgroundAnderson, R. H., Long, G. C., Porter, R. C., & Anderson, J. K. (2016) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.014 · Cited by 394 · cited 7×
“PFNA and PFBS are present at AFFF-impacted sites, but at lower concentrations relative to other UCMR3 PFASs (Anderson et al. 2016; Houtz et al. 2013; Hull et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialStrynar, M., Dagnino, S., McMahen, R., Liang, S., Lindstrom, A., Andersen, E., McMillan, L., Thurman, M., Ferrer, I., & Ball, C. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01215 · Cited by 386 · cited 2×
“Recent studies have identified numerous additional PFASs that co-occur with UCMR3 PFASs in surface water and groundwater (e.g. Backe et al. 2013; Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017; Strynar et al. 2015).”
BackgroundHoutz, E. F., Sutton, R., Park, J.-S., & Sedlak, M. (2016) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055 · Cited by 374 · cited 2×
“…been attributed to sources including fluoropolymer manufacturing, landfills, and WWTP effluent (Ahrens et al. 2009; Arvaniti and Stasinakis 2015; Bach et al. 2017; Dauchy et al. 2012; Houtz et al. 2016; Oliaei et al. 2013; Weber et al. 2017), which all have relevance to surface water scenarios.”
BackgroundToxicological Effects of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
(2015) · Molecular and Integrative Toxicology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15518-0 · Cited by 360
Degradation and Removal Methods for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Water
Merino, N., Qu, Y., Deeb, R. A., Hawley, E. L., Hoffmann, M. R., & Mahendra, S. (2016) · Environmental Engineering Science · doi:10.1089/ees.2016.0233 · Cited by 349 · cited 2×
“WWTPs typically discharge effluent to surface water, they receive wastes from numerous potential sources including landfill leachate, and are generally ineffective at removing PFASs (Merino et al. 2016).”
BackgroundRhoads, K. R., Janssen, E. M.-L., Luthy, R. G., & Criddle, C. S. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es702866c · Cited by 325 · cited 14×
“MRLs of 0.01-0.02 μg/L for PFCAs (PFHpA, PFOA, and PFNA) were lower than MRLs of 0.03 – 0.09 μg/L for PFSAs (PFBS, PFHxS, and PFOS).”
BackgroundInfluentialKrafft, M. P., & Riess, J. G. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.039 · Cited by 321
Harding-Marjanovic, K. C., Houtz, E. F., Yi, S., Field, J. A., Sedlak, D. L., & Alvarez-Cohen, L. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01219 · Cited by 295 · cited 3×
“Polyfluoroalkyl substances are sometimes referred to as precursors because of their ability to transform to recalcitrant, perfluoroalkyl terminal endpoints following release in the environment (Harding-Marjanovic et al. 2015; Mejia Avendaño and Liu 2015; Knepper and Lange 2012).”
BackgroundFrisbee, S. J., Shankar, A., Knox, S. S., Steenland, K., Savitz, D. A., Fletcher, T., & Ducatman, A. M. (2010) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.163 · Cited by 274 · cited 2×
“…and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment is a critical concern due to prevalence of use and release (Buck et al. 2011; Prevedouros et al. 2006), concerns about toxicity (DeWitt 2015; Lau et al. 2007; USEPA 2016b, 2016a), and known exposures (Braun et al. 2016; Frisbee et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMcGuire, M. E., Schaefer, C., Richards, T., Backe, W. J., Field, J. A., Houtz, E., Sedlak, D. L., Guelfo, J. L., Wunsch, A., & Higgins, C. P. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es5006187 · Cited by 269 · cited 5×
“For example, PFOS and PFHxS are documented to co-occur at sites impacted by AFFF, fluoropolymer manufacturing, and landfills (Bach et al. 2017; Dauchy et al. 2012; McGuire et al. 2014; NHDES 2017; Oliaei et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPrenatal perfluoroalkyl substance exposure and child adiposity at 8 years of age: The HOME study
Braun, J. M., Chen, A., Romano, M. E., Calafat, A. M., Webster, G. M., Yolton, K. A., & Lanphear, B. P. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21258 · Cited by 249 · cited 2×
“…and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment is a critical concern due to prevalence of use and release (Buck et al. 2011; Prevedouros et al. 2006), concerns about toxicity (DeWitt 2015; Lau et al. 2007; USEPA 2016b, 2016a), and known exposures (Braun et al. 2016; Frisbee et al. 2010).”
The long and the short of perfluorinated replacements
Renner, R. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es062612a · Cited by 245 · cited 1×
“Production of PFASs by some manufacturers has shifted towards perfluorobutane sulfonyl based chemistry for applications such as stain resistant surface treatments and fluorosurfactants (Buck et al. 2011; Renner 2006), which may serve as unique sources of PFBS.”
BackgroundAhrens, L., Felizeter, S., Sturm, R., Xie, Z., & Ebinghaus, R. (2009) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.028 · Cited by 236 · cited 18×
“Manufacturing facilities may impact surface water through surface runoff, storm water outfalls, or industrial WWTP effluent.”
BackgroundInfluentialWeber, A. K., Barber, L. B., LeBlanc, D. R., Sunderland, E. M., & Vecitis, C. D. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05573 · Cited by 227 · cited 3×
“…been attributed to sources including fluoropolymer manufacturing, landfills, and WWTP effluent (Ahrens et al. 2009; Arvaniti and Stasinakis 2015; Bach et al. 2017; Dauchy et al. 2012; Houtz et al. 2016; Oliaei et al. 2013; Weber et al. 2017), which all have relevance to surface water scenarios.”
BackgroundProduction of PFOS from aerobic soil biotransformation of two perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide derivatives
Mejia Avendaño, S., & Liu, J. (2015) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.059 · Cited by 225 · cited 3×
“Polyfluoroalkyl substances are sometimes referred to as precursors because of their ability to transform to recalcitrant, perfluoroalkyl terminal endpoints following release in the environment (Harding-Marjanovic et al. 2015; Mejia Avendaño and Liu 2015; Knepper and Lange 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialPFOS and PFC releases and associated pollution from a PFC production plant in Minnesota (USA)
Oliaei, F., Kriens, D., Weber, R., & Watson, A. (2013) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1275-4 · Cited by 188 · cited 10×
“As discussed, environmental samples with higher percentages of PFCAs have been attributed to sources including fluoropolymer manufacturing, landfills, and WWTP effluent (Ahrens et al. 2009; Arvaniti and Stasinakis 2015; Bach et al. 2017; Dauchy et al. 2012; Houtz et al. 2016; Oliaei et al. 2013; Weber et al. 2017), wh…”
BackgroundInfluentialDavis, K. L., Aucoin, M. D., Larsen, B. S., Kaiser, M. A., & Hartten, A. S. (2007) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.049 · Cited by 187 · cited 1×
“Manufacturing releases often occur to surface water bodies, though groundwater impacts through historical disposal practices or atmospheric deposition are possible (Davis et al. 2007; Oliaei et al. 2013).”
BackgroundAdamson, D. T., Mahendra, S., Walker, K. L., Rauch, S. R., Sengupta, S., & Newell, C. J. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/ez500092u · Cited by 144 · cited 1×
“PFASs and 1,4-Dioxane are both documented to co-occur with trichloroethylene, particularly in groundwater (Adamson et al. 2014; Anderson et al. 2012; McGuire et al. 2014), but the direct association of PFASs with 1,4-Dioxane has not been investigated outside of UCMR3 data.”
BackgroundSelf-citation1,4-Dioxane drinking water occurrence data from the third unregulated contaminant monitoring rule
Adamson, D. T., Piña, E. A., Cartwright, A. E., Rauch, S. R., Hunter Anderson, R., Mohr, T., & Connor, J. A. (2017) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.085 · Cited by 123 · cited 3×
“However, detection rates for all PFASs were much lower than the detection rate for 1,4- dioxane and several other UCMR3 contaminants (Adamson et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMultianalyte profiling of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in liquid commercial products
Favreau, P., Poncioni-Rothlisberger, C., Place, B. J., Bouchex-Bellomie, H., Weber, A., Tremp, J., Field, J. A., & Kohler, M. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.127 · Cited by 116
van Leeuwen, S. P. J., Swart, C. P., van der Veen, I., & de Boer, J. (2009) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.029 · Cited by 102 · cited 2×
“Similarly, aqueous PFOS measurements were 0.02-0.06 μg/L in sample with a known concentration 0.023 μg/L, resulting in a RSD of 29% (van Leeuwen et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAnderson, R. H., Anderson, J. K., & Bower, P. A. (2012) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.1306 · Cited by 100 · cited 1×
“PFASs and 1,4-Dioxane are both documented to co-occur with trichloroethylene, particularly in groundwater (Adamson et al. 2014; Anderson et al. 2012; McGuire et al. 2014), but the direct association of PFASs with 1,4-Dioxane has not been investigated outside of UCMR3 data.”
BackgroundGuelfo, J. L., Marlow, T., Klein, D. M., Savitz, D. A., Frickel, S., Crimi, M., & Suuberg, E. M. (2018) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp2727 · Cited by 73
Self-citationWolf, C. J., Rider, C. V., Lau, C., & Abbott, B. D. (2014) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2013.12.002 · Cited by 69 · cited 1×
“For example, only limited studies to date, have investigated the potential for synergistic effects of PFAS mixtures (Carr et al. 2013; Wolf et al. 2014).”
BackgroundBach, C., Dauchy, X., Boiteux, V., Colin, A., Hemard, J., Sagres, V., Rosin, C., & Munoz, J.-F. (2017) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-016-8243-3 · Cited by 66 · cited 9×
“As discussed, environmental samples with higher percentages of PFCAs have been attributed to sources including fluoropolymer manufacturing, landfills, and WWTP effluent (Ahrens et al. 2009; Arvaniti and Stasinakis 2015; Bach et al. 2017; Dauchy et al. 2012; Houtz et al. 2016; Oliaei et al. 2013; Weber et al. 2017), wh…”
BackgroundInfluentialDauchy, X., Boiteux, V., Rosin, C., & Munoz, J.-F. (2012) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-012-0704-x · Cited by 66 · cited 8×
“As discussed, environmental samples with higher percentages of PFCAs have been attributed to sources including fluoropolymer manufacturing, landfills, and WWTP effluent (Ahrens et al. 2009; Arvaniti and Stasinakis 2015; Bach et al. 2017; Dauchy et al. 2012; Houtz et al. 2016; Oliaei et al. 2013; Weber et al. 2017), wh…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDauchy, X., Boiteux, V., Rosin, C., & Munoz, J.-F. (2012) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-012-0705-9 · Cited by 53 · cited 19×
“As discussed, environmental samples with higher percentages of PFCAs have been attributed to sources including fluoropolymer manufacturing, landfills, and WWTP effluent (Ahrens et al. 2009; Arvaniti and Stasinakis 2015; Bach et al. 2017; Dauchy et al. 2012; Houtz et al. 2016; Oliaei et al. 2013; Weber et al. 2017), wh…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMaking Strides in the Management of “Emerging Contaminants”
Suthersan, S. S., Quinnan, J. A., Horst, J. F., Ross, I., Kalve, E., Bell, C. H., & Pancras, T. (2016) · Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation · doi:10.1111/gwmr.12143 · Cited by 44 · cited 1×
“Multiple studies examined PFAS occurrence data generated by UCMR3 monitoring (Hu et al. 2016; Suthersan et al. 2016).”
BackgroundTesting for departures from additivity in mixtures of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs)
Carrico, C. K., Watkins, A. M., Wolf, C. J., Abbott, B. D., Lau, C. S., & Gennings, C. (2013) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2013.02.016 · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“For example, only limited studies to date, have investigated the potential for synergistic effects of PFAS mixtures (Carr et al. 2013; Wolf et al. 2014).”
BackgroundGSI Mann‐Kendall Toolkit for Quantitative Analysis of Plume Concentration Trends
Connor, J. A., Farhat, S. K., & Vanderford, M. (2014) · Ground Water · doi:10.1111/gwat.12277 · Cited by 9 · cited 1×
“The quarterly detection rates for all PFASs, PFOA, and PFOS over time were evaluated using both linear regression and the Mann Kendall test (Figure 4, Figure S.7) (Connor et al. 2014).”
MethodRetrospective analysis of mandated national occurrence monitoring and regulatory decisions
Roberson, J. A., & Eaton, A. (2014) · American Water Works Association · doi:10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0040 · Cited by 4 · cited 1×
“Formal regulatory determinations based on UCMR data generally occur several years after monitoring is completed (Roberson and Eaton 2014).”
BackgroundEvaluation of perfluorooctanoic acid purity based on potentiometric titration
Hanari, N., Yamazaki, T., Itoh, N., et al. (2014) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/c3ay42154f · Cited by 3 · cited 1×
“Interestingly, PFHpA, has no known instances of intentional production or use that could be identified in the literature, and likely occurs as an impurity or due to precursor transformation (Hanari et al. 2014; Harding-Marjanovic et al. 2015; Houtz and Sedlak 2012).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 49 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kissa, 2001, Fluorinated surfactants and repellents, second edition revised and expanded
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cui, J., Gao, P., & Deng, Y. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b05565 · Cited by 742
Blake, B. E., & Fenton, S. E. (2020) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2020.152565 · Cited by 499
“The specific mixture and volume of PFAS emitted into the environment varies based on the point source (Guelfo et al. 2019; Guelfo and Adamson 2018; Xu et al. 2016).”
BackgroundWater Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues
Richardson, S. D., & Kimura, S. Y. (2019) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05269 · Cited by 497
Developmental origins of metabolic diseases
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Zhang, D. Q., Zhang, W. L., & Liang, Y. N. (2019) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133606 · Cited by 463
Metadata
- Authors
- Guelfo, J. L., & Adamson, D. T.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- GSI Environmental (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Guelfo, Jennifer L.
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 236
- Pages
- 505-513
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5849529
- OpenAlex
- W2793001426
- Semantic Scholar
- 122e721432e75bde70678343a66d1b958f597500
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 9.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2P42 ES013660)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, drinking water contamination, public water systems, groundwater contamination, firefighting foam, wastewater treatment plant effluent, temporal trends, source apportionment, concentration ratio
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Government Regulation, Groundwater, Drinking Water
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