Characterization of relevant site-specific PFAS fate and transport processes at multiple AFFF sites
Open accessAbstract
The relevance of multiple poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) fate and transport process across multiple sites was established through high-resolution characterization of the spatial distribution of PFAS within aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)-related source areas and the downgradient plumes. The maximum total PFAS concentrations in source area groundwater at the three study sites ranged from 6 to 51 mg/L but consistently decreased by several orders of magnitude with distance from the source area at all sites, indicating that non-destructive attenuation of PFAS occurred along each flow path. The relative distribution of different PFAS classes, including zwitterionic/cationic species, provided site-specific lines of evidence for retardation due to hydrophobic, air-water interfacial, and electrostatic partitioning processes, as well as impacts from biotransformation and matrix diffusion at multiple sites. The only site where one of these processes (air-water interfacial partitioning) was not supported by the data (Site 1) was attributable to disturbance of vadose zone soils as part of historic remedial efforts. In other cases, the magnitude that these processes influenced PFAS transport reflected site-specific conditions. This included apparent salting out of PFAS at Site 2 due to its elevated groundwater salinity, which has implications for plume migration in coastal areas. In addition, PFAS was present in lower-permeability soils at each site, suggesting that longer-term retention of PFAS is occurring in these zones. The finding that multiple processes were active at site-wide scales is consistent with expectations that these are naturally occurring reactions that should be relevant at most AFFF-impacted source zones.
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Primary sources of soil PFAS contamination include direct releases such as AFFF during firefighting training, leaks or spills during storage/handling/cleaning, direct discharges from industries, and landfill leachate seepage.
“Primary sources include direct releases, such as the use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) during firefighting training exercises in designated areas (FFTAs), along with leaks or spills during the storage, handling, or cleaning of these foams [155]. Other primary sources involve direct discharges from industries that produce or use fluorinated chemicals [156] and landfill leachate seepage.”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [155]
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies AFFF releases during fire training as a potential long-term PFAS source. Identification of source areas (page unavailable) finds the highest soil PFAS concentrations near fire-training areas or an AFFF storage and transfer area, but does not establish leaks or spills during storage, handling, or cleaning. The industry and landfill examples follow a different citation and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Adamson, D. T., Kulkarni, P. R., Nickerson, A., Higgins, C. P., Field, J., Schwichtenberg, T., Newell, C., & Kornuc, J. J.
- Affiliations
- GSI Environmental (United States) (US)
- Colorado School of Mines (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Naval Facilities Engineering and Expeditionary Warfare Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Adamson, David T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Advances
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-04
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 100167
- ISSN
- 2666-7657 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4206184492
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Notre Dame
- GSI Environmental
- Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ER-201633)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Groundwater flow and contamination studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- PFAS, aqueous film-forming foam, groundwater contamination, PFAS fate and transport, hydrophobic partitioning, matrix diffusion, biotransformation, salting-out, groundwater salinity, source zone, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
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