Destruction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with advanced reduction processes (ARPs): A critical review
Abstract
Abstract Advanced reduction processes (ARPs) have emerged as a promising method for destruction of persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water due to the generation of short-lived and highly reductive hydrated electrons (eaq–). This study provides a critical review on the mechanisms and performance of reductive destruction of PFAS with eaq–. Unique properties of eaq– and its generation in different ARP systems, particularly UV/sulfite and UV/iodide, are overviewed. Different degradation mechanisms of PFAS chemicals, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and others (e.g., short chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs), per- and polyfluoro dicarboxylic acids, and fluorotelomer carboxylic acids), are reviewed, discussed, and compared. The degradation pathways of these PFAS chemicals rely heavily upon their head groups. For specific PFAS types, fluoroalkyl chain lengths may also affect their reductive degradation patterns. Degradation and defluorination efficiencies of PFAS are considerably influenced by solution chemistry parameters and operating factors, such as pH, dose of chemical solute (i.e., sulfite or iodide) for eaq– photoproduction, dissolved oxygen, humic acid, nitrate, and temperature. Furthermore, implications of the state-of-the-art knowledge on practical PFAS control actions in water industries are discussed and the priority research needs are identified.
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Solution pH, solute dose, dissolved oxygen, water matrix constituents (e.g., humic acid, nitrate), and temperature can significantly affect PFAS degradation and defluorination efficiencies in advanced reduction processes.
“Cui et al. [38] reviewed the destruction of PFAS with ARPs (e.g., UV/sulfite and UV/iodide) and reported that solution pH, solute dose, dissolved oxygen, water matrix constituents (e.g., humic acid, nitrate), and temperature can significantly affect PFAS degradation and defluorination efficiencies [38].”
From A Mini-Review of Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plants for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Removal: Possible Solutions and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment
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“…complete degradation to inorganic components using high-energy remediation technologies, precursor transformations under environmental conditions, including processes such as hydrolysis (38), oxidation (39, 40), reduction, decarboxylation and hydroxylation (41), ultimately yield stable PFAS.”
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Perfluoroalkyl chain-length-dependent environmental fate and treatment outcomes of PFAS in water
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- Authors
- Cui, J., Gao, P., & Deng, Y.
- Affiliations
- Montclair State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Deng, Yang
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2020-03-12
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3752-3766
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W3011034192
- Cited by
- 742
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 122 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 273 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 17
- FWCI
- 7.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs (B18049)
- Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (B18049)
- Montclair State University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS destruction, advanced reduction processes, hydrated electrons, reductive degradation, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, perfluorocarboxylic acids, perfluorosulfonic acid, fluorotelomer carboxylic acids, defluorination, degradation pathways, solution chemistry, water treatment
- MeSH terms
- Carboxylic Acids, Fluorocarbons, Humic Substances, Iodides, Water Pollutants, Chemical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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