Advanced biofuels to decarbonise European transport by 2030: markets, challenges, and policies that impact their successful market uptake

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Fast pyrolysis is a pathway where significant progress has been reported recently (BTG, ENSYN, Fortum et al.).

“Fast pyrolysis is another pathway where significant progress has been reported recently (BTG, ENSYN, Fortum et al.).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

At present there are more than one technology developers (Clariant, Versalis, Praj Industries, etc.) active in First-of-a-Kind cellulosic ethanol plants and optimising them.

“This is the case with cellulosic ethanol where at present there are more than one technology developers (Clariant, Versalis, Praj Industries, etc.) active in FoAKs and optimising them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is a lack of coordination, cooperation and synergies between all actors of the biofuels value chain, including land related and energy/fuel sectors.

“Lack of coordination, cooperation and synergies between all actors of the biofuels value chain, including the land related (agriculture, forestry, conservation/natural resources/environment) and the energy/fuel sectors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Marine infrastructure and availability of fuel in big ports globally is supervised by IMO but there are no specific recommendations about future potential and availability of low carbon fuels in the ports.

“Supervised by IMO but no specific recommendations about future potential and availability of low carbon fuels in the ports.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is an absence of a regulatory mechanism to bridge the price gap between renewable and fossil based fuels.

“Absence of regulatory mechanism to bridge the price gap between renewable and fossil based fuels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

High volumes of advanced biofuels are needed even for demonstration tests in marine.

“High volumes of advanced biofuels needed, even for the demonstration tests.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Retail stations can offer various products but have no obligation to provide renewable fuels/blends.

“Retail stations can offer various products but no obligation to provide renewable fuels/blends.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

There are lower taxes for EVs but lack of concrete support for powertrains intended for advanced biofuel use.

“Lower taxes for EVs but lack of concrete support for powertrains intended for advanced biofuel use.”

May combine two claims.

Only a few SMEs and industries are aware of potential biomass opportunities and most of them have limited access to capital to invest in new technologies.

“Only a few SMEs and industries are aware of potential biomass opportunities and most of them have limited access to capital that will allow them to invest in new technologies”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

For FFV intended for advanced bioethanol, CO2 emission value is minus 60-70% compared to only tank to wheel (TTW) emissions.

“For example, minus 60-70% of CO 2 emission value for FFV intended for advanced bioethanol compared to only tank to wheel (TTW) emissions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is competition between aviation and on-road transport for feedstocks.

“Competition between aviation and on-road transport for feedstocks”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

H2020 projects and EU financial support are in the development stage for marine advanced biofuels.

“H2020 projects and EU financial support in the development stage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

EVs regardless of electricity origin are treated as zero emission.

“EVs regardless of electricity origin treated as zero emission.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

There are no credits for advanced biofuels and the EU fleet-wide average emission target does not support new investments in internal combustion engine (ICE) development.

“But no credits for advanced biofuels and it does not support new investments in internal combustion engine (ICE) development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Origin of liquid fuels including advanced biofuels is not taken into account from OEM perspective.

“Origin of liquid fuels including advanced biofuels not taken into account from OEM perspective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Despite several policies having aligned objectives for biomass production, the efficient and timely mobilisation of organic wastes and residues remains a challenge.

“Despite the fact that several policies have aligned objectives for biomass production, the efficient and timely mobilisation of organic wastes and residues remains a challenge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

End-users willing to choose cheaper option or rich consumers tend to buy oversized vehicles like SUVs.

“End-users willing to choose cheaper option or rich consumers tend to buy oversized vehicles like SUVs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Road manufacturers (OEMs) are not willing to change existing automotive production lines.

“Road Manufacturers (OEMs) not willing to change existing automotive production lines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The cost of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) is significantly higher compared to fossil Jet A1.

“Significantly higher cost of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) compared to fossil Jet A1”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Varying scales of applications are not addressed clearly within financing mechanisms, so R&D, design efforts and resources are lacking for production processes to move from pilot and demonstration scales to commercial scales.

“Varying scales of the applications are not addressed clearly within the financing mechanisms, thus R&D, design efforts and resources are lacking for production processes to move from pilot and demonstration scales to commercial scales.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Technology development and deployment is capital intensive, resulting in high production cost of RES fuels, including feedstock which represents a large share of total production cost, creating overall high financial risk.

“Technology development and deployment is capital intensive therefore it results in high production cost of RES fuels, including for feedstock which represents a large share of total production cost, creating overall high financial risk.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There are still very limited initiatives to rehabilitate degraded land for biomass production and advanced biofuels, and these are mostly research and demonstration activities.

“There are still very limited initiatives to rehabilitate them for biomass production and advance biofuels and these are mostly research and demonstration activities”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The level of communication with the energy sector is weak and does not cover all involved or affected by the law entities.

“Weak level of communication with the energy sector that does not cover all involved or affected by the law entities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Retail stations have a limited number of fuel distributors, generally not more than 6-8 fuel batches.

“Retail stations with limited number of fuel distributors, generally not more than 6-8 fuel batches.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There are still policy relevant gaps concerning the uniform definition and classification of marginal land types and detailed planning, financing and awareness interventions within national strategic action plans for the Common Agricultural Policy.

“There are still policy relevant gaps concerning i) the uniform definition and classification of marginal land types as well as ii) detailed planning, financing and awareness interventions within the national strategic action plans for the Common Agricultural Policy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is an absence of policy support and incentives for sustainable aviation fuels.

“Absence of the policy support and incentives for sustainable aviation fuels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is still lack of knowledge transfer from existing practices and flagship initiatives at regional level to demonstrate the feasibility of sustainable, long term biomass supply practices to produce advanced biofuels.

“There is still lack knowledge transfer from existing practices and flagship initiatives at regional level which will demonstrate the feasibility of sustainable, long term biomass supply practices to produce advanced biofuels.”

May combine two claims.

Advanced biofuels still require significant innovation, technological development and scale up.

“they still require significant innovation [23][24][25][26], technological development [27] and scale up [28][29][30].”

• cites [23][24][25][26]Not checked yet

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• cites [27] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [28][29][30]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

GHG emissions in the European transport sector have declined by only 3.8% since 2008, compared to at least 18% reduction in other major sectors.

“GHG emissions in the European transport sector have declined by only 3.8% since 2008, compared to at least 18% reduction in other major sectors [114].”

• cites [114] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Less than 1% of current marine fuel supply uses biofuels, mostly in inland or short-sea shipping, due to high costs, low fuel availability, retrofitting and bunkering practices, and institutional approval.

“Less than 1% of the current marine fuel supply uses biofuels, mostly in inland or short-sea shipping [99] due to high costs, low fuel availability, retrofitting and bunkering practices, and institutional approval.”

• cites [99] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Policy has established targets and monitoring frameworks for low carbon fuels and improved engine performance but has not yet been sufficient to facilitate effective market uptake of advanced biofuels.

“So far policy has established targets and monitoring frameworks for low carbon fuels and improved engine performance but has not yet been sufficient to facilitate their effective market uptake.”

May combine two claims.

Only short distance aviation may be electrified in the medium term; therefore liquid fuels will dominate the aviation industry much beyond 2030 for long distance flights.

“Only short distance aviation may be electrified in the medium term; therefore, liquid fuels will dominate the industry much beyond 2030 for long distance flights [83,84].”

• cites [83]Not checked yet

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• cites [84]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Light and heavy-duty road vehicles still account for nearly three-quarters of transport CO2 emissions, while emissions from aviation and marine continue to rise.

“However, despite rapid increase of electric vehicles in the European market [5], light and heavy-duty road vehicles still account for nearly three-quarters of transport CO2 emissions, while emissions from aviation and marine continue to rise [6] (IEA, 2020).”

• cites [6] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Advanced biofuels are among the available options to decarbonise transport in the short to medium term, especially for aviation, marine and heavy-duty vehicles that lack immediate alternatives.

“Advanced biofuels are among the available options to decarbonise transport in the short to medium term especially for aviation, marine and heavy-duty vehicles that lack immediate alternatives.”

May combine two claims.

Advanced biofuels are the only immediately available solution that can enable transport to meet the 2030 GHG emission reduction objectives, because electricity and hydrogen will only be nascent at that horizon.

“Advanced biofuels are the only immediately available solution that can enable transport to meet the 2030 objectives of GHG emission reduction, as electricity, and even more hydrogen, will only be nascent at this horizon (the recent Smart & Sustainable Mobility strategy [49] objective for 30 million EVs on the road in the EU represents only 12% of the car-pool).”

• cites [49] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Additional interventions beyond RED II targets are needed with focus on the challenges advanced biofuels face along the value chain.

“Even though the Renewable Energy Directive II [31] set clear targets both the industry and the scientific community agree that additional interventions are needed with focus on the challenges [32][33][34][35] these fuels face along the value chain [36,37].”

• cites [32][33][34][35]Not checked yet

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• cites [36]Not checked yet

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• cites [37] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The 2011 European Biofuels Flightpath target of 2 million tons of biokerosene by 2020 was never met due to the lack of biokerosene producing facilities.

“In 2011 the European Biofuels Flightpath in Aviation [96,97], proposed a target on 2 million tons of biokerosene by 2020; however, due the lack of biokerosene producing facilities this target was never met.”

• cites [96] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [97] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The challenges of soil quality and soil carbon apply to both harvesting/collection of agriculture and forest residues and the cultivation of dedicated crops, and affect reliability for raw material sourcing and flexibility to use a mix of biomass feedstock and secure year-round feedstock supply.

“The challenges of soil quality and soil carbon apply to both harvesting/collection of agriculture and forest residues and the cultivation of dedicated crops.They affect performance for: i) reliability for raw material sourcing without causing negative impacts to soil and ii) flexibility to use a mix of biomass feedstock and secure year-round feedstock supply.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

From the end-use perspective, challenges for future market uptake of advanced biofuels relate to economic (appropriate pricing) and technical issues such as fuel quality, engine compatibility and improvements required in infrastructure for processing, storing and selling such fuels.

“From the end-use perspective, challenges for future market uptake relate to economic (appropriate pricing) and technical issues such as i) fuel quality, ii) engine compatibility and iii) improvements required in infrastructure for processing, storing and selling such fuels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The future deployment of advanced biofuels, in market shares that can lead to decarbonisation, still depends largely on the integration of tailored policy interventions that can overcome challenges and improve upstream and downstream performance.

“Analysis within this paper reiterates that their future deployment, in market shares that can lead to decarbonisation, still depends largely on the integration of tailored policy interventions that can overcome challenges and improve upstream and downstream performance.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The significant price gap between fossil fuels and advanced biofuels makes their market roll-out very challenging.

“The significant price gap between fossil fuels and advanced biofuels makes their market roll-out very challenging but can be regulated with targeted policy interventions which include: • Promote targeted fund integration to improve Advanced biofuels infrastructure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the marine sector, due to fast changing regulations and uncertain future, fleet operators tend to select multi-fuel solutions that allow using various fuels including fossils and alternatives such as advanced biofuels.

“In the marine sector, due to fast changing regulations and uncertain future, fleet operators tend to select the multi-fuel solutions that allow using various fuels including fossils and alternatives such as advanced biofuels.”

May combine two claims.

There are still limited initiatives to rehabilitate degraded land for biomass production and advanced biofuels, and these are mostly research and demonstration activities.

“The Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807 [173] suggests degraded land as an option to broaden biomass supply, however, there are still limited initiatives to rehabilitate such land types for biomass production and advanced biofuels and these are mostly research and demonstration activities [174][175][176][177][178][179].”

• cites [173] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [174][175][176][177][178][179]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Compatible biofuels (i.e. HVO) and minor retrofits (i.e. mid-level ethanol blends) are preferred options resulting in lower capital expenditure and re-use of the existing system.

“Therefore, compatible biofuels (i.e.HVO) and minor retrofits (i.e.mid-level ethanol blends) are preferred options resulting in lower capital expenditure and re-use of the existing system.”

May combine two claims.

Technical challenges for advanced biofuels still exist, mostly for scaling-up most advanced biofuel technologies, which mean engineering and equipment modifications.

“Technical challenges still exist, mostly for scaling-up most advanced biofuel technologies, which mean engineering and equipment modifications.”

May combine two claims.

Advanced biofuels face challenges to secure year-round, sustainable feedstock supply with quality that meets conversion specifications and to keep costs throughout the year reasonable.

“Like all biomass value chains, advanced biofuels face challenges to secure year-round, sustainable feedstock supply [153][154][155]with quality that meets the conversion specifications and keep costs throughout the year reasonable [156].”

• cites [153][154][155]Not checked yet

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• cites [156] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The challenge of compatibility with fuel quality affects primarily performance in cost.

“The challenge of compatibility with fuel quality affects primarily performance in cost.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are trade-offs between the urgency of need for climate action (beyond particular targets) and potential for stranded assets or unfavorable technology lock-in.

“There are however trade-offs between the urgency of need for climate action (beyond particular targets) and potential for stranded assets or unfavorable technology lock-in.”

May combine two claims.

Such a carbon pricing mechanism will improve advanced biofuels market roll-out and meet the 2030 targets while allowing other renewable fuels, such as electricity and hydrogen, to increase their market shares and commercialisation rates.

“Such a mechanism will improve their market roll-out and meet the 2030 targets whist at the same time will allow other renewable fuels, such as electricity and hydrogen, increase their market shares and commercialisation rates.”

May combine two claims.

Current policy mechanisms have established targets and monitoring frameworks for low carbon fuels and improved car engine performance but have not yet been adequate to facilitate the market uptake of advanced biofuels.

“Current policy mechanisms have established targets and monitoring frameworks for low carbon fuels and improved car engine performance but have not yet been adequate to facilitate the market uptake of advanced biofuels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Support for new technologies with improved efficiency will address competition through resource and energy efficiency and steer deployment to aviation, marine and heavy-duty transport sectors.

“Support for new technologies with improved efficiency will also address the competition though resource and energy efficiency and steer deployment to aviation, marine and heavy-duty transport sectors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

First-of-a-Kind (FoAK) plants will improve scale up by 2030.

“First-of-a-Kind (FoAK) plants will improve scale up by 2030.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Used cooking oils have limited potential but better efforts in their collection will increase their availability.

“Used cooking oils have limited potential but better efforts in their collection will increase their availability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

HVO has so far been the sustainable biofuel of preference due to its drop-in characteristics.

“At this point it is important to clarify that HVO has so far been the sustainable biofuel of preference due to its drop-in characteristics.”

May combine two claims.

Projections for future market uptake of advanced biofuels are uncertain, and decision making for new plants, especially after Covid 19, is still considered high cost and risky.

“Projections for future market uptake of advanced biofuels are uncertain and decision making for new plants, especially after the impacts of Covid 19 which led to the first contraction in biofuels output in the last two decades [195], is still considered high cost and risky [196].”

• cites [195] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [196] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

IMO regulations mean that an estimated 70% of the fuels currently used by the marine sector needs to be modified or changed.

“These regulations mean that an estimated 70% of the fuels currently used by the sector needs to be modified or changed.”

May combine two claims.

Economic challenges for advanced biofuels relate to investment and operation costs and access to finance.

“Economic challenges relate to investment and operation costs and access to finance.”

May combine two claims.

Port authorities' regulations together with sustainability commitments of marine operators and sulphur cap requiring significant SOx reductions are critical issues for the marine sector and the most compelling reasons for utilising advanced biofuels.

“Port authorities' regulations together with sustainability commitments of marine operators and sulphur cap requiring significant SOx reductions are critical issues for the marine sector [133] and the most compelling reasons for utilising advanced biofuels.”

• cites [133] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Drop-in fuels are the preferred option since no modifications in current infrastructure and engine technology are considered necessary.

“Drop-in fuels are the preferred option since no modifications in current infrastructure and engine technology are considered necessary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Policy, integrated across the value chain, can facilitate future market uptake of good quality and sustainable advanced biofuels that are compatible with current vehicle engines and infrastructure for producing, storing, transporting, and retail stations.

“Policy, integrated across the value chain, can facilitate future market uptake of good quality and sustainable advanced biofuels that are compatible with current vehicle engines and infrastructure for producing, storing, transporting, and retail stations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

To facilitate market uptake of advanced biofuels, there is an urgent need for immediate and targeted policy actions with focus firstly on reducing their production costs and secondly on reducing the financial risk of investing in capital-intensive advanced biofuel chains.

“To facilitate the market uptake of advanced biofuels, there is an urgent need for immediate and targeted policy actions with focus firstly on reducing their production costs and secondly, on reducing the financial risk of investing in capital-intensive advanced biofuel chains (for instance via long-term regulation stability and access to privileged financing).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Switch to new infrastructure is inevitable in case of gaseous fuels such as LBG, DME, hydrogen or ammonia.

“Switch to new infrastructure is inevitable in case of gaseous fuels such as LBG, DME, hydrogen or ammonia.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Innovations in conversion pathways development involve high capital costs and thus high financial risk.

“Innovations in conversion pathways development involve high capital costs and thus high financial risk; measures to facilitate this must be introduced.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

To achieve the 2030 targets within a decade, a step change with immediate, targeted policy interventions is required to increase low carbon fuel availability.

“To achieve these targets within a decade (2020-2030) a step change with immediate, targeted policy interventions is required to increase low carbon fuel availability [126].”

• cites [126]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The additional cost from public policy funding is transferred to European citizens and can affect their quality of life.

“The additional cost from public policy funding however is transferred to European citizens and can affect their quality of life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Providing financial support for new, highly efficient conversion pathways will improve access to capital and reduce risk for industries and SMEs.

“Providing financial support for new, highly efficient conversion pathways will improve access to capital and reduce risk for industries and SMEs.”

May combine two claims.

Fuel quality challenges also exist in marine, where mixing of various grade fuels might result in wax formation or high corrosiveness, which further lead to filter clogging, engine damage and other operational issues.

“Fuel quality challenges also exist in marine, where mixing of various grade fuels might result in wax formation or high corrosiveness, which further lead to filter clogging, engine damage and other operational issues.”

May combine two claims.

Advanced biofuels from emerging conversion pathways might encounter quality issues related to blending performance and are linked to flexibility and reliability.

“Advanced biofuels from emerging conversion pathways might encounter quality issues related to blending performance and are linked to priorities such as flexibility and reliability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These trade-offs can be relieved by the presence of more than one technology provider in the market creating healthy competition that moves innovation forward.

“These can be relieved by the presence of more than one technology provider in the market creating healthy competition that moves innovation forward.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

High-quality fuels such as paraffinic diesel in road transport or SAFs in aviation are usually more expensive than fossil diesel or kerosene, respectively.

“Usually, those high-quality fuels such as paraffinic diesel in road transport or SAFs in aviation are more expensive than fossil diesel or kerosene, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

For the pyrolysis pathway, the most important constraints are the upgrading steps of bio-oil, which are in early development stage (lab to pilot scale), even though pyrolysis is a well-established technology.

“For the pyrolysis pathway, the most important constraints are the upgrading steps of bio-oil which are in early development stage (i.e., lab to pilot scale), even though pyrolysis is a well-established technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Optimized engines could bring further benefits in terms of lower fuel consumption, higher thermal efficiency and minimized emissions.

“Optimized engines could bring further benefits in terms of lower fuel consumption, higher thermal efficiency and minimized emissions [209][210][211][212].”

• cites [209][210][211][212]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

A step-by-step approach prioritising reliable conversion pathways with not very expensive sustainable fuels before innovative but not yet commercially mature ones with very expensive sustainable fuels will stimulate market uptake while allowing time for innovative technologies to develop out of the valley of death.

“This approach will stimulate market uptake while allowing time for innovative technologies to develop out of the valley of death.”

May combine two claims.

Although thermochemical processes are close to technological readiness for large scale industrial implementation with stable process and higher feedstock conversion efficiencies, there is still great potential for technological improvement in assembling them into a new system successfully and avoiding process failures.

“For instance, although the thermochemical processes are close to technological readiness for large scale industrial implementation with stable process and higher feedstock conversion efficiencies [198,199] there is still great potential for technological improvement [200] that lies in assembling them into a new system in a successful way and avoid process failures.”

• cites [198] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [199] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [200] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Engine optimisation needs extensive R&D and further actions from engine manufacturers, which are associated with increase of end-use costs.

“However, engine optimisation needs extensive R&D and further actions from engine manufacturers, which are associated with increase of end-use costs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Sustainable biomass feedstocks are present in Europe.

“Sustainable biomass feedstocks are present in Europe, but their efficient and timely mobilisation remains a challenge which requires synergies with agriculture, forestry, and rural land-use planning.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The lack of regulatory framework and financing mechanisms for biomass price fluctuations are important and can be considered dominant gaps in policy that should be addressed.

“In this case, the lack of regulatory framework and financing mechanisms for the biomass price fluctuations are also important and, can be considered as dominant gaps in policy that should be addressed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a potential difficulty of financing compatible infrastructure as a fuel is nascent or not yet widespread in the marketplace, which is the case of hydrogen.

“There is also a potential difficulty of financing compatible infrastructure as a fuel is nascent or not yet widespread in the marketplace, which is the case of hydrogen.”

May combine two claims.

There are still gaps concerning uniform definition and classification of degraded land types as well as planning, financing, capacity building and awareness interventions at local level.

“There are also still gaps concerning i) the uniform definition [180] and classification [181] of degraded land types [182] as well as ii) planning [183,184], financing, capacity building and awareness [185] interventions at local level.”

• cites [180] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [181] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [182] sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Efficient and timely mobilisation of sustainable biomass feedstocks remains a challenge requiring synergies with agriculture, forestry, and rural land-use planning.

“Sustainable biomass feedstocks are present in Europe, but their efficient and timely mobilisation remains a challenge which requires synergies with agriculture, forestry, and rural land-use planning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Tailored policy interventions will increase investors' confidence and allow the industry to improve their technical and financial performance.

“This will increase investors' confidence and allow the industry to improve their technical and financial performance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The TTW approach does not consider the majority of emissions produced within the value chain and misleads the assessment of real environmental footprint of the technologies.

“TTW approach does not consider majority of the emissions produced within the value chain, and misleads the assessment of real environmental footprint of the technologies.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Achieving market uptake of advanced biofuels in aviation, maritime and heavy-duty road necessitates appropriate taxation, incentives, and/or carbon credits to reduce the price gap with their fossil counterparts.

“Achieving this however necessitates appropriate taxation, incentives, and/or carbon credits to reduce the price gap with their fossil counterparts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

EN 590 specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered automotive diesel fuel, applicable to diesel fuel for vehicles designed to run on diesel containing up to 7% (V/V) FAME.

“The EN 590 European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered automotive diesel fuel.It is applicable to automotive diesel fuel for use in diesel engine vehicles designed to run on automotive diesel fuel containing up to 7% (V/V) Fatty Acid Methyl Ester.”

• cites EN 590Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

CEN is carrying out research on behalf of the Commission on various biofuels blends, particularly for E20/25, with CEN TC/19 since 2013.

“In particular for E20/25 the Commission has been supporting a series of research projects with CEN TC/19 since 2013 [291,292].”

• cites [291]Not checked yet

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• cites [292]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Improved efficiencies and scale up will increase sustainable industrialisation of innovative Advanced biofuel conversion technologies.

“Improved efficiencies and scale up will increase sustainable industrialisation of innovative Advanced biofuel conversion technologies.”

May combine two claims.

The Fuel Quality Directive (2009/30/EC) sets a 6% reduction target for GHG emissions from fuels, providing an incentive for using more low carbon fuels such as biofuels in the transport sector.

“On the one hand, the 6% reduction target for GHG emissions from fuels provides an incentive for using more low carbon fuels, such as biofuels, in the transport sector.”

• cites [287]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The maximum content of biodiesel (FAME) in diesel is 7% (B7).

“The maximum content of ethanol in petrol is 10% (E10) while the maximum content of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)) is 7% (B7).”

• cites [288]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The concept of degraded land has limitations as regards cost-efficient rehabilitation and crop yield potential.

“The concept does however have certain limitations as regards the cost-efficient rehabilitation [246,247] and the crop yield potential [248][249][250].”

• cites [246]Not checked yet

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• cites [247]Not checked yet

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• cites [248][249][250]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The current tank-to-wheel (TTW) approach is outdated.

“Current tank-to-wheel (TTW) approach is outdated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Fund integration will strengthen sector integration in climate change measures.

“Fund integration will strengthen sector integration in climate change measures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Changes associated with investments in dedicated engine's R&D, upscaling of production lines, distribution network, logistics, etc. are inevitable.

“Changes associated with investments in dedicated engine's R&D, upscaling of production lines, distribution network, logistics, etc. are inevitable, therefore, consistent and long-term policy support is urgently needed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

With the current TTW approach, EU state members will never achieve their climate targets.

“With the current TTW approach, EU state members will never achieve their climate targets.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Learning and communication will be improved, and trustworthy business relationships between the upstream and downstream part of the value chain will be established by such actions.

“Learning and communication will be improved, and trustworthy business relationships between the upstream and downstream part of the value chain will be established.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Rapidly changing regulations create an unstable environment for future investments in the whole advanced biofuel infrastructure.

“Rapidly changing regulations Unstable environment for future investments in the whole advanced biofuel infrastructure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Such flagship and demonstration initiatives will provide clarity and evidence on how domestic feedstock options can be best mobilised, which actors should be involved and under which contractual and business structures.

“Such actions will provide clarity and evidence on how domestic feedstock options can be best mobilised, which actors should be involved and under which contractual and business structures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

EN228 defines quality requirements for unleaded petrol and was updated in 2017.

“The EN228 “Automotive fuels -Unleaded petrol -Requirements and test methods” defines the quality requirements for unleaded petrol has been updated and the 2017 specifications [290].”

• cites [290]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Tailored financing mechanisms (such as feedstock premiums, feed in tariffs and premiums, CO2 taxes, etc.) are necessary to de-risk capital investment and ease uncertainties of production costs.

“Tailored financing mechanisms (such as feedstock premiums, feed in tariffs and premiums, CO 2 taxes, etc.) are necessary to de-risk capital investment and ease uncertainties of production costs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Flagship and demonstration initiatives, including new business models, for biomass supply with either industrial or regional cooperative lead are needed across different regional climatic and ecological zones within Europe.

“Flagship and demonstration initiatives, including new business models, for biomass supply with either industrial or regional cooperative lead are needed across different regional climatic and ecological zones within Europe.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Some sectors such as aviation struggle for feedstocks intended to SAF production, as it is cheaper to use them for on-road transport fuels.

“Some sectors such as aviation struggle for feedstocks intended to SAF production, as it is cheaper to use them for on-road transport fuels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The double-counting idea does not reflect the real share of advanced biofuels in the market.

“Reconsidering of double-counting idea, which does not reflect the real share of advanced biofuels in the market.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Tailored policy interventions integrated along the advanced biofuels value chain (feedstock production, conversion, end use) are essential for future policy formation at all governance levels.

“Tailored policy interventions integrated along the advanced biofuels value chain (feedstock production, conversion, end use) are essential for future policy formation at all governance levels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

EN228 specifies two types of unleaded petrol: one with a maximum oxygen content of 3.7% (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 10.0% (V/V), and one for older vehicles with a maximum oxygen content of 2.7% (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 5.0% (V/V).

“This European Standard specifies two types of unleaded petrol: one type with a maximum oxygen content of 3,7% (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 10,0% (V/V), and one type intended for older vehicles that are not warranted to use unleaded petrol with a high biofuel content, with a maximum oxygen content of 2,7% (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 5,0% (V/V).”

• cites [290]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These limits are specified by CEN Technical Committee 19.

“These limits are specified by the Technical Committee 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin” of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) [289].”

• cites [289]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The TTW approach drives unfair taxation, punishes and inhibits the progress and commercialisation of cleaner and more sustainable technologies on the Well-to-Wheel (WTW) basis.

“TTW approach drives the unfair taxation, punishes and inhibits the progress and commercialisation of cleaner and more sustainable technologies on the Well-to-Wheel (WTW) basis.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Ensuring the quality and developing standards for the mobilisation of residual and biogenic waste biomass streams will mobilise otherwise unused biomass and reduce the pressure on land and diversify the source of biomass production.

“Ensuring the quality and developing standards for the mobilisation of residual and biogenic waste biomass streams will mobilise otherwise unused biomass and reduce the pressure on land and diversity the source of biomass production.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the US B20 is used successfully.

“In the US B20 is used successfully [319].”

• cites [319]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In low blending concentrations with fossil diesel, traditional biodiesel (FAME) is an option, but the content should not exceed 7% on volume basis according to EN590 standard, which limits its flexibility in replacing fossil diesel.

“In low blending concentrations with fossil diesel, traditional biodiesel (FAME) is an option, nevertheless the content should not exceed 7% on volume basis according to EN590 standard, which limits its flexibility in replacing fossil diesel.”

• cites EN590Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

MD95 is in the research and development phase, therefore the technology is not ready yet for commercialisation.

“Whereas MD95 is in the research and development phase, therefore, the technology is not ready yet for the commercialisation [315].”

• cites [315]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The European Commission issued mandate M/525 to CEN for standards on pyrolysis oils produced from biomass feedstocks to be used in various energy applications or intermediate products for subsequent processing on July 27, 2013.

“The European Commission, initiated by DG ENER, issued on July 27, 2013 the mandate M/525 [295] to CEN for standards on pyrolysis oils produced from biomass feedstocks to be used in various energy applications or intermediate products for subsequent processing.”

• cites [295]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

EN 15940 defines two classes of paraffinic diesel fuel: high cetane and normal cetane.

“It defines two classes of paraffinic diesel fuel: high cetane and normal cetane.”

• cites [294]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Blends with higher ethanol concentration in regular vehicles affect negatively cold-start emissions, speed up the corrosion and wear of engine components.

“Blends with higher ethanol concentration in regular vehicles affect negatively cold-start emissions, speed up the corrosion and wear of engine components [310,311].”

• cites [310]Not checked yet

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• cites [311]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ethanol can also be used in a blend of 85% on volume basis (E85) in flexible fuel engines but its uptake has been rather slow in the EU.

“Ethanol can also be used in a blend of 85% on volume basis (E85) in flexible fuel engines but its uptake has been rather slow in the EU [309].”

• cites [309]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Germany there was considerable confusion caused by the information provided to users when introducing E10.

“In Germany [306] there was considerable confusion caused by the information provided to the users while in France [307] the E10 was introduced smoothly.”

• cites [306]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The production cost of ATJ from agricultural residues is around 2.4 euro per litre, the same price as for power-to-x (PTX) renewable synthetic kerosene.

“The production cost of HEFA from waste cooking oil is approximately 0.90 euro per litre, whereas production of ATJ from agricultural residues around 2.4 euro per litre -the same price as for power-to-x (PTX) renewable synthetic kerosene.”

• cites [304]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The mandate M/525 resulted in two CEN deliverables fulfilling three of the original five elements: EN 16900:2017 and EN 17103:2017.

“That resulted in two CEN deliverables fulfilling three of the original five elements of the mandate: EN 16900:2017 -Fast pyrolysis bio-oils for industrial boilers -Requirements and test methods and EN 17103:2017 Fast pyrolysis bio-oil for stationary internal combustion engines -Quality determination.”

• cites [295]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Feedstock availability may affect HVO quality but there is still limited room for optimized collection chains or broadening the raw material sources considering REDII.

“Feedstock availability may also affect HVO quality but there is still limited room for optimized collection chains or broadening the raw material sources considering REDII [302].”

• cites [302]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

HVO is an excellent drop-in fuel for road transport and a suitable alternative for compression-ignition (CI) engines powered by fossil diesel fuel, both in light and heavy-duty vehicles.

“HVO: it is an excellent drop-in fuel for road transport and a suitable alternative for compression-ignition (CI) engines powered by fossil diesel fuel, both in light and heavy-duty vehicles [296][297][298][299].”

• cites [296][297][298][299]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Finding cost-effective and feedstock-flexible upgrading processes, which produce suitable quality product, is very challenging and requires advanced R&D process.

“However, finding the cost-effective and feedstock-flexible upgrading processes, which produces suitable quality product, is very challenging and requires advanced R&D process [305].”

• cites [305]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

EN 15940 is applicable to fuel for use in diesel engines and vehicles compatible with paraffinic diesel fuel.

“It is applicable to fuel for use in diesel engines and vehicles compatible with paraffinic diesel fuel.”

• cites [294]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Pure HVO meets standard EN15940, however, it does not meet EN590 due to the slightly lower density.

“Pure HVO meets standard EN15940, however, it does not meet EN590 due to the slightly lower density [300].”

• cites [300]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Finland aims to expand the availability of HVO across the whole country.

“Finland aims to expand the availability of HVO across the whole country [301].”

• cites [301]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Other paraffinic diesels, like biomass-to-liquid (BTL) from lignocellulosic feedstock, could mitigate upscaling issues related to feedstock availability, however their production costs are higher than HVO.

“Other paraffinic diesels, like biomass-to-liquid (BTL) from lignocellulosic feedstock could mitigate the upscaling issues related to the feedstock availability, however, their production costs are higher than HVO [303].”

• cites [303]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Even though HVO performs very well in CI engines, there are important challenges for market uptake such as feedstock availability for upscaling production capacities, higher final product price compared to regular EN590 diesel, and equality of regulation within EU state members.

“Even though HVO performs very well in CI engines, there are important challenges for market uptake such as feedstock availability for upscaling the production capacities, the higher final product price compared to regular EN590 diesel and equality of regulation within the EU state members.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In France the E10 was introduced smoothly.

“In Germany [306] there was considerable confusion caused by the information provided to the users while in France [307] the E10 was introduced smoothly.”

• cites [307]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

CEN standard EN 15940 describes requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered paraffinic diesel fuel containing up to 7.0% (V/V) FAME.

“The CEN standard EN 15940 [294] describes requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered paraffinic diesel fuel containing a level of up to 7,0% (V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME).”

• cites [294]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ethanol can be blended with petrol at low concentrations of 10% on volume basis.

“Ethanol can be blended with petrol at low concentrations of 10% on volume basis.”

• cites EN228Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

High concentration of FAME in blends can additionally affect negatively microbiological growth, water solubility or cause oil dilution.

“High concentration of FAME in blends can additionally affect negatively microbiological growth, water solubility or cause oil dilution [321].”

• cites [321]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Higher blends of FAME have adverse properties such as cold flow properties, oxidation stability, and increased corrosiveness.

“Higher blends of FAME have adverse properties such as cold flow properties, the oxidation stability, and increased corrosiveness [320].”

• cites [320]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

HVO is a paraffinic diesel fuel and can be used directly in diesel engines as a drop-in fuel.

“Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO) is a paraffinic diesel fuel and it can be used directly in diesel engines as a drop-in fuel.”

• cites [296][297][298][299]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The results of the last CEN contract concluded that according to the literature review, manufacturers suggest that the majority of cars produced in the EU from 2011 onwards are E20 tolerant.

“The results of the last contract were presented in a workshop on June 25, 2019 and concluded that According to the literature review, manufacturers suggest that the majority of cars produced in the EU from 2011 onwards are E20 tolerant [293].”

• cites [293]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Methanol can be utilized in HDV segment in dedicated diesel engines also in combination with ignition improvers in a form of MD95.

“Methanol can be utilized in HDV segment in dedicated diesel engines also in combination with ignition improvers in a form of MD95.”

• cites [315]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Hydrogen is very challenging for heavy-duty transportation, both from safety issues related to storage but also from technology maturity, availability and costs.

“Therefore, hydrogen is very challenging for heavy-duty transportation, both from the safety issues related to storage but also from the technology maturity, availability and costs.”

May combine two claims.

Currently, there is a moderate bio-CNG and bio-LNG infrastructure and low number of compatible vehicles in Europe.

“Currently, there is a moderate bio-CNG and bio-LNG infrastructure and low number of compatible vehicles in Europe [328].”

• cites [328]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The biggest challenges for DME technology to enter the market are poor infrastructure, very limited amount of vehicles on the road, and low DME production capacities in EU.

“DME was commercially proven in Sweden (Volvo trucks and city buses) [332], however the biggest challenges for the technology to enter the market are poor infrastructure, very limited amount of vehicles on the road, and low DME production capacities in EU.”

May combine two claims.

The lifetime of an average FCVs is around 17000 h, which makes them less reliable than ICEV.

“The lifetime of an average FCVs is around 17000 h, which makes them less reliable than ICEV [340].”

• cites [340]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The high cetane number of DME allows efficient combustion, which additionally leads to significantly reduced PM emissions, and lower engine noise.

“The high cetane number of DME allow efficient combustion, which additionally leads to significantly reduced PM emissions, and lower engine noise [331].”

• cites [331]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of hydrogen as a fuel in road transportation is possible by special vehicles equipped with fuel cells.

“The use of hydrogen as a fuel in the road transportation is possible by special vehicles equipped with fuel cells [336].”

• cites [336]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In case of LBG, methane slip is a major issue.

“In case of LBG, methane slip is a major issue [327].”

• cites [327]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aldehydes can be mentioned as examples of unregulated emissions, valid for alcohol fuels.

“Aldehydes can be mentioned as examples of unregulated emissions, valid for alcohol fuels [324][325][326].”

• cites [324][325][326]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Methanol is a very promising fuel option for marine sector with successfully demonstrated examples on the market.

“Methanol is very promising fuel option for marine sector with successfully demonstrated examples on the market [333].”

• cites [333]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There are challenges for market uptake of hydrogen such as higher price of fuel cell vehicles compared to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), and high production price of hydrogen.

“However, there are challenges for the market uptake such as higher price of fuel cell vehicles compared to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), and high production price of the hydrogen [338].”

• cites [338]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

LBG is also very interesting option for marine application with growing infrastructure and fleet equipped with either dual fuel (diesel cycle) or spark gas (Otto cycle) engines.

“LBG is also very interesting option for marine application with growing infrastructure and fleet equipped with either dual fuel (diesel cycle) or spark gas (Otto cycle) engines [329].”

• cites [329]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The engine technology is mature and biggest challenge is foreseen in reliable supply of sustainable LBG in harbours globally at the moment.

“The engine technology is mature and biggest challenge is foreseen in reliable supply of sustainable LBG in harbours globally at the moment.”

May combine two claims.

Despite its good potential, the challenges for methanol refer mainly to reliable supply chain of methanol in ports worldwide as well as price of renewable methanol in comparison to currently used fuels.

“Despite its good potential [335] the challenges refer mainly to the reliable supply chain of methanol in ports worldwide as well as price renewable methanol in comparison to currently used fuels.”

• cites [335]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fuel cell light-duty vehicles powered with hydrogen bridge the benefits of electric vehicles such as zero tailpipe emissions and traffic noise reduction with the range of internal combustion vehicles.

“Fuel cell light-duty vehicles powered with hydrogen bridge the benefits of electric vehicles such as zero tailpipe emissions and traffic noise reduction with the range of internal combustion vehicles [337].”

• cites [337]Not checked yet

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