Stress, epigenetic control of gene expression and memory formation
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Making memories of a stressful life event is essential for an organism's survival as it allows it to adapt and respond in a more appropriate manner should the situation occur again. However, it may be envisaged that extremely stressful events can lead to formation of traumatic memories that are detrimental to the organism and lead to psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The neurotransmitter glutamate and the ERK MAPK signaling pathway play a principal role in learning and memory. Glucocorticoid hormones acting via the glucocorticoid receptor have been shown to strengthen the consolidation of memories of stressful events. The ERK MAPK signaling pathway and glucocorticoid receptor-mediated actions have recently been shown to drive epigenetic modifications and conformational changes in the chromatin, stimulating the expression of neuroplasticity-related genes involved in stress-related learning and memory processes. The main epigenetic regulatory mechanisms are histone modifications and DNA (de-)methylation. Recently, studies have demonstrated that these processes are acting together in concert to regulate gene expression required for memory consolidation. This review explores the role of stress in learning and memory paradigms and the participating signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms and the enzymes that control these modifications during the consolidation process of memory formation.
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ELS/CT exposure has been repeatedly related to epigenetic changes and altered gene expression profiles, particularly in the CNS (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala), thus affecting stress responses and memory consolidation.
“ELS/CT exposure has been repeatedly related to epigenetic changes and altered gene expression profiles, particularly in the CNS (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala), thus affecting stress responses and memory consolidation (395–398).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [395]
The section “Epigenetics, early life events, and psychiatric and neurological disorders” (page not provided) reports altered hippocampal GR methylation and expression after differences in maternal care and in people who experienced child abuse. The Abstract and Introduction (pages not provided) connect epigenetic regulation with stress-related memory and identify the amygdala and hippocampus as involved in memory formation. They do not establish that early-life stress or childhood trauma causes epigenetic changes in the amygdala or, through those changes, alters memory consolidation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Trollope, A. F., Gutièrrez-Mecinas, M., Mifsud, K. R., Collins, A., Saunderson, E. A., & Reul, J. M. H. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Reul, Johannes M.H.M.
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 233
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-11
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2013687276
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/F000510/1, BB/G02507X/1)
- Medical Research Council (MRC)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- stress, memory consolidation, traumatic memory, post-traumatic stress disorder, epigenetic regulation, glucocorticoid receptor, ERK signaling, glutamate, histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin conformation, neuroplasticity, gene expression, learning and memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Glucocorticoids, Histones, Humans, Memory, Stress, Psychological, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression, Epigenesis, Genetic, Epigenomics
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