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The molecular physiology of the axo-myelinic synapse
Abstract
Myelinated axons efficiently transmit information over long distances. The apposed myelin sheath confers favorable electrical properties, but restricts access of the axon to its extracellular milieu. Therefore, axonal metabolic support may require specific axo-myelinic communication. Here we explored activity-dependent glutamate-mediated signaling from axon to myelin. 2-Photon microscopy was used to image Ca(2+) changes in myelin in response to electrical stimulation of optic nerve axons ex vivo. We show that optic nerve myelin responds to axonal action potentials by a rise in Ca(2+) levels mediated by GluN2D and GluN3A-containing NMDA receptors. Glutamate is released from axons in a vesicular manner that is tetanus toxin-sensitive. The Ca(2+) source for vesicular fusion is provided by ryanodine receptors on axonal Ca(2+) stores, controlled by L-type Ca(2+) channels that sense depolarization of the internodal axolemma. Genetic ablation of GluN2D and GluN3A subunits results in greater lability of the compact myelin. Our results support the existence of a novel synapse between the axon and its myelin, suggesting a means by which traversing action potentials can signal the overlying myelin sheath. This may be an important physiological mechanism by which an axon can signal companion glia for metabolic support or adjust properties of its myelin in a dynamic manner. The axo-myelinic synapse may contribute to learning, while its disturbances may play a role in the pathophysiology of central nervous system disorders such as schizophrenia, where subtle abnormalities of myelinated white matter tracts have been shown in the human, or to frank demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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“Optic nerve oligodendrocytes can form axon-myelinic synapses, responding to axonal action potentials via glutamate ionotropic NMDA receptors (24).”
From Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
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Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system
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“Optic nerve oligodendrocytes can form axon-myelinic synapses, responding to axonal action potentials via glutamate ionotropic NMDA receptors (30).”
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“Recently, axonal activity was shown to induce NMDA receptor-mediated calcium increases in myelin, indicating that adult oligodendrocytes have functional NMDA receptors (Micu et al., 2016).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Micu, I., Plemel, J. R., Lachance, C., Proft, J., Jansen, A. J., Cummins, K., van Minnen, J., & Stys, P. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Stys, Peter K.
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 276
- Pages
- 41-50
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2192308003
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 12
- FWCI
- 6.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada
- Canada Research Chairs
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Connexins and lens biology
- Keywords
- myelin sheath, NMDA receptor, GluN2D, GluN3A, glutamate release, action potential, calcium signaling, ryanodine receptor, L-type calcium channels, optic nerve, demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Male, Myelin Sheath, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Optic Nerve, Synapses, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Mice, Knockout, Calcium Signaling, Rats, Long-Evans, Mice, Rats
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