The potent vasodilator ethyl nitrite is formed upon reaction of nitrite and ethanol under gastric conditions
Open accessAbstract
By acting as a bioreactor, affording chemical and mechanical conditions for the reaction between dietary components, the stomach may be a source of new bioactive molecules. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry we here demonstrate that, under acidic gastric conditions, ethyl nitrite is formed in microM concentrations from the reaction of red wine or distilled alcoholic drinks with physiological amounts of nitrite. Rat femoral artery rings and gastric fundus strips dose-dependently relaxed upon exposure to nitrite:ethanol mixtures. In contrast, when administered separately in the same dose ranges, nitrite evoked only minor vasorelaxation while ethanol actually caused a slight vasoconstriction. Mechanistically, the relaxation effect was assigned to generation of nitric oxide (*NO) as supported by direct demonstration of *NO release from ethyl nitrite and the absence of relaxation in the presence of the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, ODQ. In conclusion, these results suggest that ethanol in alcoholic drinks interacts with salivary-derived nitrite in the acidic stomach leading to the production of the potent smooth muscle relaxant ethyl nitrite. These findings reveal an alternative chemical reaction pathway for dietary nitrate and nitrite with possible impact on gastric physiology and pathophysiology.
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In patients with three or more cardiovascular risk factors, 30 days twice daily supplementation with a formulation containing sodium nitrite, hawthorn berry extract, vitamin C, beetroot powder, vitamin B12 and L-citrulline reduced triglycerides in patients with elevated triglycerides (>150 mg dl-1) at baseline.
“Zand et al. recently performed a placebo-controlled study of 30 days twice daily supplementation with a formulation containing sodium nitrite, hawthorn berry extract, vitamin C, beetroot powder, vitamin B12 and L-citrulline in patients with three or more cardiovascular risk factors and found that it reduced triglycerides in patients with elevated triglycerides (>150 mg dl -1 ) at baseline.”
From Vascular effects of dietary nitrate (as found in green leafy vegetables and beetroot) via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway (2013) · cites this paper as [190]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn patients with three or more cardiovascular risk factors, 30 days twice daily supplementation with the same formulation did not significantly reduce blood pressure.
“No significant reduction in blood pressure was seen however [190].”
From Vascular effects of dietary nitrate (as found in green leafy vegetables and beetroot) via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway (2013) · cites this paper as [190]
The Results passage on rat femoral artery rings reports vascular relaxation, not blood-pressure outcomes in patients. The Discussion mentions a possible acute reduction in blood pressure after ethanol ingestion, but our copy does not report a 30-day, twice-daily supplementation study in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (searched for those terms and for a nonsignificant blood-pressure result). (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Gago, B., Nyström, T., Cavaleiro, C., Rocha, B. S., Barbosa, R. M., Laranjinha, J., & Lundberg, J. O.
- Affiliations
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular (PT)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Gago, Bruno
- Lundberg, Jon O.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-08
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 404-412
- ISSN
- 0891-5849 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2078479928
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/15228/2004)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- ethyl nitrite, nitrite, ethanol, gastric diseases, nitric oxide, vasodilation, vasorelaxation, salivary nitrite, dietary nitrate, red wine, alcoholic beverages, soluble guanylate cyclase, smooth muscle relaxation, gastric fundus
- MeSH terms
- Ethanol, Animals, Gastric Mucosa, Male, Nitrites, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Vasodilator Agents, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats, Wistar, Rats, In Vitro Techniques
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