Blockchain applications in the biomedical domain: A scoping review
Open accessAbstract
Blockchain is a distributed, immutable ledger technology introduced as the enabling mechanism to support cryptocurrencies. Blockchain solutions are currently being proposed to address diverse problems in different domains. This paper presents a scoping review of the scientific literature to map the current research area of blockchain applications in the biomedical domain. The goal is to identify biomedical problems treated with blockchain technology, the level of maturity of respective approaches, types of biomedical data considered, blockchain features and functionalities exploited and blockchain technology frameworks used. The study follows the PRISMA-ScR methodology. Literature search was conducted on August 2018 and the systematic selection process identified 47 research articles for detailed study. Our findings show that the field is still in its infancy, with the majority of studies in the conceptual or architectural design phase; only one study reports real world demonstration and evaluation. Research is greatly focused on integration, integrity and access control of health records and related patient data. However, other diverse and interesting applications are emerging, addressing medical research, clinical trials, medicines supply chain, and medical insurance.
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Proof of Stake (PoS) is one of the most proficient consensus methods in terms of scalability and processing time.
“One of the most proficient consensus methods is Proof of Stake (PoS) [14] in terms of scalability and processing time.”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
The Bitcoin network generally requires approximately 10 minutes to reach agreement for a Block due to using PoW.
“The Bitcoin network generally requires approximately 10 minutes [14] to reach on the agreement for a Block due to using PoW mechanism.”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
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Mense, A., & Athanasiadis, L. (2018) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-880-8-7 · Cited by 8 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Blockchains have been proposed to achieve integration of distributed personal health record segments in a unified personal health record [48,52], often also including data from sensors and medical records [39,45].”
BackgroundBlockchains in IHE-Based Networks
Mangesius, P., Bachmann, J., Thomas, H., Saboor, S., & Schabetsberger, T. (2018) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-880-8-27 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
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“Blockchain implementation has also been examined with a focus on data integrity, access and management of health records in the biomedical domain (Drosatos and Kaldoudi, 2019).”
A survey of blockchain consensus algorithms performance evaluation criteria
Bamakan, S. M. H., Motavali, A., & Bondarti, A. B. (2020) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113385 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
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Garg, P., Gupta, B., Chauhan, A. K., Sivarajah, U., Gupta, S., & Modgil, S. (2020) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120407 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Blockchain in Healthcare: Frameworks, Prototypes, and Implementations
Chukwu, E., & Garg, L. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2969881 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
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The rise of “blockchain”: bibliometric analysis of blockchain study
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Uddin, M. A., Stranieri, A., Gondal, I., & Balasubramanian, V. (2020) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2020.100159 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Blockchain[13],[14] can support access control, secure storage and sharing of medical data without the need to trust third parties or intermediaries while maintaining user’s privacy.”
BackgroundMethodBarriers to blockchain adoption in health-care industry: an Indian perspective
Sharma, M., & Joshi, S. (2021) · Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing · doi:10.1108/jgoss-06-2020-0026 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications in Medical Imaging
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Blockchain and AI technology convergence: Applications in transportation systems
Singh, P., Elmi, Z., Lau, Y., Borowska-Stefańska, M., Wiśniewski, S., & Dulebenets, M. A. (2022) · Vehicular Communications · doi:10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100521 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Blockchain Personal Health Records: Systematic Review
Fang, H. S. A., Tan, T. H., Tan, C. Y. F., & Tan, M. C. J. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25094 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“In the health care industry, EHRs were found to be the most commonly used case for blockchain applications [11-14].”
BackgroundBlockchain application in modern logistics information sharing: a review and case study analysis
Xu, X., & He, Y. (2022) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2022.2058997 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“However, previous studies have mainly focussed on specific industrial practices, such as treating biomedical problems (Drosatos and Kaldoudi 2019) and those in the food and automobile industries (Astill et al. 2019; Galvez, Mejuto, and Simal-Gandara 2018; Sharma, Kumar, and Park 2019).”
BackgroundDynamic consent management for clinical trials via private blockchain technology
Albanese, G., Calbimonte, J.-P., Schumacher, M., & Calvaresi, D. (2020) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-020-01761-1 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“In the health domain, biomedical data-types involved in BCT-based applications are mostly medical electronic health records (EHR), personal health records, consent forms, drug information, environmental data, location, or medical evidence data (Drosatos and Kaldoudi 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialK-Time Modifiable and Epoch-Based Redactable Blockchain
Xu, S., Ning, J., Ma, J., Huang, X., & Deng, R. H. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3107146 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Tran, Q. N., Turnbull, B., Wu, H., de Silva, A. J. S., Kormusheva, K., & Hu, J. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society · doi:10.1109/ojcs.2021.3053032 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Toward Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Anti-Counterfeiting and Traceability
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A Review Study of the Blockchain-Based Healthcare Supply Chain
Jadhav, J. S., & Deshmukh, J. (2022) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100328 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Towards a European health research and innovation cloud (HRIC)
Aarestrup, F. M., Albeyatti, A., Armitage, W. J., Auffray, C., Augello, L., Balling, R., Benhabilès, N., Bertolini, G., Bjaalie, J. G., Black, M. M., et al. (2020) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-020-0713-z · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Blockchain Technology Applications in Healthcare Supply Chains—A Review
Dhingra, S., Raut, R. D., Naik, K., & Muduli, K. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3348813 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Decentralizing Supply Chain Anti-Counterfeiting and Traceability Systems Using Blockchain Technology
Yiu, N. C. K. (2021) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi13040084 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“[6,7] have also given overviews of blockchain-based applications developed on different domains where a variety of examples of blockchain systems and use cases could be found in healthcare domain as depicted in [8,9] for decentralized health record management and storage, and energy domain [10] for electric e-mobility…”
BackgroundIntegrating blockchain and deep learning for intelligent greenhouse control and traceability
Frikha, T., Ktari, J., Zalila, B., Ghorbel, O., & Amor, N. B. (2023) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2023.08.027 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Sharing Biomedical Data: Strengthening AI Development in Healthcare
Pereira, T., Morgado, J., Silva, F., Pelter, M. M., Dias, V. R., Barros, R., Freitas, C., Negrão, E., Flor de Lima, B., Correia da Silva, M., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9070827 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Blockchain is an extendable database capable of storing large volumes and various types of biomedical data and is an emerging technology with significant potential in the healthcare domain [39].”
BackgroundArquam, M., Singh, A., & Sharma, R. (2021) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-021-00754-y · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The blockchain-based methodology, which has been explored in various domains such as in biomedical (Hölbl et al. 2018; Drosatos and Kaldoudi 2019), secure data transmission in communication network (Rathee et al.”
MethodFadeyi, O. O., Krejcar, O., Marešová, P., Kuča, K., Brída, P., & Selamat, A. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12010169 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Authors [11] specifically evaluated blockchain relevance to biomedical research, [17] explained that it could find application in ICT, especially in Internet of Things [18] where it has been predicted to bring about magnificent changes in the way business is done, and in cloud computing [19].”
BackgroundModgil, S., & Sonwaney, V. P. (2019) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.080 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A big data framework for E-Government in Industry 4.0
Long, C. K., Agrawal, R., Trung, H. Q., & Pham, H. V. (2021) · Open Computer Science · doi:10.1515/comp-2020-0191 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Robust Cyber-Physical System Enabled Smart Healthcare Unit Using Blockchain Technology
Rupa, C., Srivastava, G., Nagasree, Y., Ponugumati, A., & Ramachandran, S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11193070 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Blockchain-Based Platform for Consent Management of Personal Data Processing in the IoT Ecosystem
Rantos, K., Drosatos, G., Kritsas, A., Ilioudis, C., Παπανικολάου, Α., & Filippidis, A. P. (2019) · Security and Communication Networks · doi:10.1155/2019/1431578 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Blockchain technology was firstly introduced to secure transactions in Bitcoin cryptocurrency [31] and nowadays has a wide range of applications to IoT [32], to smart contracts and digital content distribution [33], and even to the biomedical domain [34, 35].”
BackgroundQuantum blockchain using weighted hypergraph states
Banerjee, S., Mukherjee, A., & Panigrahi, P. K. (2020) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.2.013322 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A Decentralized Patient Agent Controlled Blockchain for Remote Patient Monitoring
Uddin, M. A., Stranieri, A., Gondal, I., & Balasubramanian, V. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob) · doi:10.1109/wimob.2019.8923209 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“For instance, Bitcoin network needs around 10 minutes to reach agreement on a Block [9].”
BackgroundAttitudes Toward Blockchain Technology in Managing Medical Information: Survey Study
Hau, Y. S., Lee, J. M., Park, J. C., & Chang, M. C. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/15870 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Blockchain-Based Federated Learning in Medicine
El-Rifai, O., Biotteau, M., Boissezon, X. D., Megdiche, I., Ravat, F., & Teste, O. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59137-3_20 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Exploring Synergy of Blockchain and 6G Network for Industrial Automation
Yadav, M., Agarwal, U., Rishiwal, V., Tanwar, S., Kumar, S., Alqahtani, F. H., & Tolba, A. K. R. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3338861 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hegde, M., Rao, R. R., & Nikhil, B. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3193238 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Integration of Blockchain and IoT: An Enhanced Security Perspective
Miraz, M. H., & Ali, M. (2020) · Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing · doi:10.33166/aetic.2020.04.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Mindmap of the Blockchain Applications in the Biomedical Domain [14].”
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A survey on blockchain deployment for biometric systems
Sharma, S., & Dwivedi, R. (2024) · IET Blockchain · doi:10.1049/blc2.12063 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Blockchain Technology for Fraudulent Practices in Insurance Claim Process
Gera, J., Palakayala, A. R., Rejeti, V. K. K., & Anusha, T. (2020) · International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES) · doi:10.1109/icces48766.2020.9138012 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Drosatos and Kaldoudi [4] studied various blockchain-based applications in the domain of biomedical databases.”
BackgroundThe Current State of Blockchain Applications in Supply Chain Management
Gürpinar, T., Guadiana, G., Ioannidis, P. A., Straub, N., & Henke, M. (2021) · International Conference on Blockchain Technology (ICBCT) · doi:10.1145/3460537.3460568 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Also, some authors focus on a certain industrial sector, such as agriculture [15], the biomedical sector [16] or healthcare [17].”
BackgroundPart 2: Blockchain technology in health care
Tan, L., Tivey, D. R., Kopunic, H. S., Babidge, W., Langley, S. J., & Maddern, G. J. (2020) · ANZ Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1111/ans.16455 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“23 Similarly, blockchain technology can be utilized to create tamper-proof registries of an implanted medical device in addition to monitoring the provenance of medical devices supply chains.”
BackgroundCastro, C., Leiva, V., Garrido, D., Huerta, M., & Minatogawa, V. (2024) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108321 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Despotou, G., Evans, J., Nash, W., Eavis, A., Robbins, T., & Arvanitis, T. N. (2020) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207620924949 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“24 25–27 Using such an approach, a patient would be able to consent to a transaction (e.g. sharing of their data between two healthcare systems), with the details of the transaction recorded in the chain.”
BackgroundCihan, Ş., Yılmaz, N., Özsoy, A., & Beyan, O. (2025) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-024-03274-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Most studies are typically in the theoretical or architectural design phase, unable to present real-world implementation or evaluation of their proposed theoretical solutions [17].”
Increasing the security and traceability of biological samples in biobanks by blockchain technology
Ortiz-Lizcano, M. I., Arias, E., Bravo, Á. H., Caminero, B., Guillén, T. R., & Cha, S. H. N. (2023) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107379 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Survey on Blockchain for Healthcare Informatics and Applications
Wilber, M. J., Vayansky, S., Costello, N., Berdik, D., & Jararweh, Y. (2020) · International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IOTSMS) · doi:10.1109/iotsms52051.2020.9340232 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“One of blockchain’s initial uses was cryptocurrency [47], [48].”
BackgroundAjitha, A., & Radhika, S. (2023) · International Journal of Ambient Energy · doi:10.1080/01430750.2023.2233522 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Secure Tamper-Resistant Electronic Health Record Transaction in Cloud System Via Blockchain
Lavanya, M., & Kavitha, V. (2022) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-021-09374-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In addition, the system can attain maximum efficiency in database management and also combines all the fragmented information across various sources [13].”
BackgroundThe Possibilities of Blockchain Technology in Medicine (Review)
Litvin, A., Korenev, S. V., Knyazeva, E. G., & Litvin, V. (2019) · Современные технологии в медицине · doi:10.17691/stm2019.11.4.21 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The problem of quality control in rendering medical services has not been solved adequately in the BT [92, 93].”
BackgroundRecording the ethical provenance of data and automating data stewardship
Bernier, A., Raven-Adams, M. C., Zaccagnini, D., & Knoppers, B. M. (2023) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517231163174 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Platforms have also been created that leverage multiple such pre-existing standards to enable data to be queried and analysed across multiple organisations participating in a network (Freeberg et al., 2022; Dursi et al., 2021; Bujold et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCommercially Successful Blockchain Healthcare Projects: A Scoping Review
Fang, H. S. A. (2021) · Blockchain in Healthcare Today · doi:10.30953/bhty.v4.166 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“(9) Medicalchain (25) Founded in 2017, Medicalchain aims to use blockchain technology to securely store health records and maintain a single version of the truth.”
BackgroundBlockchain Distributed Ledger Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications
Olaniyan, O. T., Adeniyi, M. J., Adetunji, C. O., Pius, O. O., Ghazanfar, S., Ajmal, W., & Adeyomoye, O. (2023) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815165197123010013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Blockchain for the Cybersecurity of Smart City ApplicationsPreprint
Cheikhrouhou, O., Amdouni, I., Mershad, K., Ammi, M., & Nguyen, T. (2022) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.19990367.v1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Blockchain for the Cybersecurity of Smart City ApplicationsPreprint
Cheikhrouhou, O., Amdouni, I., Mershad, K., Ammi, M., & Nguyen, T. (2022) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.19990367 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yelezhanova, S., Seitenov, A., Kenzhegarina, A., Kenzhetayev, A., Kemel, A., Ualiyev, N., Myrzakerimova, A., Mursakimova, G., Orynbek, A., & Сахипов, А. (2025) · International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications · doi:10.4018/ijehmc.372423 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Prospects for Using Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: Supply Chain Management
Mokrova, L. P., Borodina, M., Goncharov, V. V., Popov, S. A., & Kepa, Y. N. (2021) · Entomology and Applied Science Letters · doi:10.51847/zjah7bykpb · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fake Product Identification System Using Blockchain
Mallegowda, M., Kanavalli, A., Thippeswamy, M. N., Gupta, K., Khandelwal, L., Bhattad, V., & Vaswani, H. (2022) · International Conference on Circuits, Control, Communication and Computing (I4C) · doi:10.1109/i4c57141.2022.10057923 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“A Scoping Review by George Drosatos and Eleni Kaldoudi [4], this journal highlighted that Blockchain technology has applications in the governance and healthcare industries.”
A Systematic Review of Machine Learning Based Gait Characteristics in Parkinson’s Disease
Sharma, P., Pahuja, S., & Veer, K. (2021) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557521666210927151553 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Karumuri, S. R., Srikanth, M., Kumar, J. M. S. V. R., & Bhanurangarao, M. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394248506.ch18 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
HFabD+M: A Web-based Platform for Automated Hyperledger Fabric Deployment and Management
Zikos, I., Sendros, A., Drosatos, G., & Efraimidis, P. S. (2022) · IEEE Global Emerging Technology Blockchain Forum: Blockchain & Beyond (iGETblockchain) · doi:10.1109/igetblockchain56591.2022.10087061 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This can be verified by the percentage of its use in various sectors [3], [4]; it is the second most used blockchain after Ethereum [5], and the most used private blockchain.”
BackgroundIntegrating Blockchain, Smart Contracts, and AI for Decentralized Healthcare in the Metaverse
Ravikumar, R. N., Aarthi, S., Dilshodbek, A., Kumar, A. S., Eshkaraev, S. C., & Shanmugam, K. B. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1225-5.ch010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Krishnamoorthy, U. (2025) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d5ay01580d · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Blockchain-Based Personal Health Records for Patients’ Empowerment
El-Rifai, O., Biotteau, M., Boissezon, X. D., Megdiche, I., Ravat, F., & Teste, O. (2020) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50316-1_27 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Technical and Legal Challenges for Healthcare Blockchains and Smart Contracts
Wright, S. A. (2019) · ITU Kaleidoscope Academic Conference (ITU K) · doi:10.23919/ituk48006.2019.8996146 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Blockchain for Healthcare and Medical Systems
Kaddoura, S., & Grati, R. (2021) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-5839-3.ch011 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Role of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Systematic Review
Javed, W., Aabid, F., Danish, M., Tahir, H., & Zainab, R. (2021) · International Conference on Innovative Computing (ICIC) · doi:10.1109/icic53490.2021.9692981 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Use of Blockchain Smart Contracts in Software Engineering: A Systematic Mapping
Tariq, F., & Colomo‐Palacios, R. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24308-1_27 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dhingra, S., Raut, R. D., Kumar, M., & Naik, B. K. R. (2024) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-10-2023-0687 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A systematic review of the literature on the application of blockchain in the health supply chain
Araújo, A. R. C., dos Santos, I. L., & Reis, A. D. C. (2022) · International Journal of Innovation · doi:10.5585/iji.v10i4.22060 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Towards a Better Understanding of the Value of Blockchains in Supply Chain Management
Lustenberger, M., Spychiger, F., & Malešević, S. (2020) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44322-1_8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A review of the current research regarding blockchain applications and the biomedical domain shows that scientific literature focuses mainly on integration, integrity, and access control of health records [35].”
BackgroundDisruptive technologies: Present and future
Novaes, M. D. A., & Basu, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814309-4.00014-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Blockchain Technology Application In A Refuse Management System
Sham, R. B., Hussin, A. A. A., Abdamia, N., Mohamed, S., Musa, O., & Rasi, R. Z. (2020) · doi:10.1109/iccis49240.2020.9257713 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Additionally, each block includes the hash of the previous block and the transaction data, thus creating a secure and immutable, append-only chain [4].”
BackgroundA Journey from Commit Processing in Distributed Databases to Consensus in Blockchain
Kant, K., Pandey, S., & Shanker, U. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE) · doi:10.1109/icde53745.2022.00306 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Combrink, H., Marivate, V. N., & Masikisiki, B. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13050438 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Scoping Review Methodology: A Practical Guide for Counseling Researchers
Litherland, G., Muzacz, A. K., & Schulthes, G. (2024) · Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/21501378.2024.2357134 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For instance, a social science researcher familiar with the reporting items of the PRISMA-ScR would find a scoping review on Blockchain technologies (Drosatos & Kaldoudi, 2019) or medicine (Manookian et al., 2022) largely readable, even without technical knowledge of the subject.”
Verma, V. (2024) · El-Cezeri Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi · doi:10.31202/ecjse.1338782 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Survey Based on Privacy-Preserving Over Health Care Data Analysis
Panimalar, S. P., & Gunasundari, S. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1946-8_40 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Survey Paper On Consensus Algorithm Of Mobile-Healthcare In Blockchain Network
Rwibasira, M., & Suchithra, R. (2020) · International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Technology and Engineering (ICETITE) · doi:10.1109/ic-etite47903.2020.75 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In addition, this paper based on genuine data and authorize healthcare [3].”
BackgroundDecentralised Content Creation in Digital Learning: A Blockchain Concept
Koul, S., Singh, S., & Verma, R. (2021) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4177-0_57 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The use of blockchain in the insurance industry: A bibliometric analysis
Eletter, S. F. K. (2024) · Insurance Markets and Companies · doi:10.21511/ins.15(1).2024.02 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A spider tool-based qualitative analysis of machine learning for wrist pulse analysis
Kumar, S., Veer, K., & Kumar, S. (2022) · Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1007/s13721-022-00361-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Based on the instruction provided by Drosatos and Kaldoudi (2019), the quality evaluation of primary studies has been accomplished depending upon the below criteria: 1.”
MethodExtended Privacy Preservation of Health Official Document using blockchain
Rupa, C., & Chakravarthy, D. M. (2021) · International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE) · doi:10.1109/icacite51222.2021.9404654 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Application of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare Supply Chains
Saddikuti, V., Galwankar, S. C., & Sai, S. V. A. (2023) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14591-9_14 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Assessing the authenticity of subjective information in the blockchain: a survey and open issues
Bui, H. T., Hussain, F. K., Saberi, M., & Hussain, F. K. (2020) · World Wide Web · doi:10.1007/s11280-020-00854-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rebuilding the Food Supply Chain by Introducing a Decentralized Credit Mechanism
Cui, Y., Idota, H., & Ota, M. (2021) · The Review of Socionetwork Strategies · doi:10.1007/s12626-021-00079-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“principles of blockchain to build a theoretical framework model [9].”
Protecting the Privacy of IoT-Based Health Records Using Blockchain Technology
Süzen, A. A., & Duman, B. (2021) · Internet of things · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63937-2_3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Blockchain-Based Smart Contract System for Digital Video Streaming Application
Pertiwi, A. P. (2020) · International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering · doi:10.30534/ijatcse/2020/34932020 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Boada, J. M., & Rejas‐Muslera, R. J. (2024) · Revista Chilena de Derecho y Tecnología · doi:10.5354/0719-2584.2024.73869 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
From PBFT to the present: a thorough overview of blockchain consensus protocols
Feng, L., Fu, X., Wang, H., Wang, K., Shi, P., Jiang, F., & Lin, M. (2025) · Science China Information Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11432-024-4431-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
E-HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE: A META-ANALYSIS
Fettermann, D. C., & Calegari, L. P. (2024) · Ciência da Informação · doi:10.18225/ci.inf.v52i2.7089 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stefano, A. D., Maesa, D. D. F., Das, S. K., & Lió, P. (2020) · International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking (ICDCN) · doi:10.1145/3369740.3372914 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Indeed, research efforts on blockchain technology have been on the rise due to its applications to a wide variety of domains, such as finance and insurance [4], biomedical and healthcare [5], information processing and Internet of Things (IoTs) [6], and access control systems [7], to name a few.”
BackgroundAmalgamation of Blockchain Technology and Internet of Things for Healthcare Applications
Bhatia, D., Mishra, A., & Mukherjee, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67490-8_22 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Study on Privacy Preservation of Medical Certificates Using Blockchain Technology
Rupa, C., & Chakkaravarthy, D. M. (2021) · Recent Patents on Engineering · doi:10.2174/1872212115666210604125702 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Data Security in Clinical Trials Using Blockchain Technology
de-Melo-Diogo, M., Tavares, J., & Luís, Â. N. (2021) · Advances in data mining and database management book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7363-1.ch010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
SLR: A Systematic Literature Review on Blockchain Applications in Healthcare
Arsheen, S., & Ahmad, K. (2021) · International Conference on Information Science and Communications Technologies (ICISCT) · doi:10.1109/icisct52966.2021.9670136 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Blockchain technology in the Philippines: Status, trends, and ways forward
Bongo, M. F., & Culaba, A. B. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM) · doi:10.1109/hnicem48295.2019.9073349 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Typically, there are three types of blockchain technology: a public blockchain, private blockchain, and a hybrid of public and private blockchain [30].”
BackgroundBlockchain Disruption on Management Accountant's Role: Systematic Literature Review
Saputro, V. S., Ritchi, H., & Handoyo, S. (2021) · Journal of Accounting Auditing and Business · doi:10.24198/jaab.v4i1.25961 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, there is the possibility of failure (Dutta & Lawson, 2009).”
BackgroundHome-based treatment for patients with hematological cancer in Denmark–A national overview
Nørskov, K. H., Bødtcher, H., Rosenberg, T., Damgaard, C. T., Nielsen, I. H., Enggaard, H., & Dalton, S. O. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-10048-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Drosatos, G., & Kaldoudi, E.
- Affiliations
- Democritus University of Thrace (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Drosatos, George
- Venue
- Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 17
- Pages
- 229-240
- ISSN
- 2001-0370 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6389656
- OpenAlex
- W2914026086
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 15
- FWCI
- 4.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- General Secretariat for Research and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Electronic Health Records Systems
- Keywords
- blockchain, biomedical applications, health records, access control, health data integration, medical research, clinical trials, health insurance, distributed ledger technology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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