Testing the construct validity of proposed criteria for DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder
Open accessAbstract
Objective To use confirmatory factor analysis to test the construct validity of the proposed DSM-5 symptom model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in comparison to alternative models, including that described in DSM-IV-TR. Method Participants were 708 verbal children and young persons (mean age, 9.5 years) with mild to severe autistic difficulties. Autistic symptoms were measured using the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic interview (3Di). The fit of the two-factor DSM-5 model, which has a social communication and a restricted, repetitive behavior (RRB) factor, was compared with that of alternative models. In one half of the sample, properties of the DSM-5 model were examined to investigate the validity of specific diagnostic criteria, informing the development of a better fitting DSM-5 model. This was then cross-validated in the remaining "hold-out" half of the sample; and its stability was tested across groups defined by age, sex, and symptom severity. Results The DSM-5 model was superior to the three-factor DSM-IV-TR model. It was improved by the removal of items measuring "play and imagination" and "stereotyped and repetitive use of language." A scale measuring sensory abnormalities was added to the model, and loaded onto its RRB factor. This DSM-5 model fit well in the hold-out sample; was stable across age and sex; and fit adequately in those with clinical and sub-threshold autistic presentations. Conclusions Among higher-functioning individuals, ASD is a dyad,…
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Claims the paper makes
5 of 39 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Study design and conductcitation
Our participants were mainly high-functioning.
“Firstly, in line with other clinic-based 33 and epidemiological 34 samples, our participants were mainly high-functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Findingcitation
Autism is not well conceptualized as a single dimension.
“We also confirmed previous findings that autism is not well conceptualized as a single dimension.9,11,12”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [9] Frazier, 2008, Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Autism Diagnostic Interview—revised, J Autism Dev Disord source
- cites [11] Snow, 2009, The structure of the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised: diagnostic and phenotypic implications, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- cites [12] Lecavalier, 2009, Deconstructing the PDD clinical phenotype: internal validity of the DSM-IV, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- Findingown data
All standardized residuals for the sensory abnormalities variable were comfortably in the range of -2 to 2.
“all standardized residuals for this variable were comfortably in the range of Ϫ2 to 2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
Only the DSM-5 model had acceptable values for all indices of fit.
“Only the DSM-5 model had acceptable values for all the indices of fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
In the estimation sample, C3 (stereotyped and repetitive use of language) appeared to be a problematic item, as its standardized residual covariance was outside the acceptable range (>2) for two other communication subscales (C1 and C4).
“C3 appeared to be a problematic item, as its standardized residual covariance was outside the acceptable range (greater than Ϯ2) for two other communication subscales (C1 and C4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
The modified DSM-5 model was stable across age and sex.
“was stable across age and sex”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
The DSM-5 sensory model (modified DSM-5 plus sensory abnormalities) had good fit in the estimation sample (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05).
“The fit indices of this “DSM-5 sensory model” were indicative of good fit in the estimation sample (CFI ϭ 0.98, RMSEA ϭ 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
The one-factor model performed especially badly, scoring worst on each index of fit.
“The one-factor model performed especially badly, scoring worst on each index of fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
A model allowing C3 to load onto both RRB and SC factors resulted in no improvement in model fit (ΔCFI = 0.001).
“This resulted in no improvement in model fit (⌬CFI ϭ 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
The modified DSM-5 model fit adequately in those with clinical and sub-threshold autistic presentations.
“fit adequately in those with clinical and sub-threshold autistic presentations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
The DSM-5 model was improved by the removal of items measuring play and imagination and stereotyped and repetitive use of language.
“It was improved by the removal of items measuring “play and imagination” and “stereotyped and repetitive use of language.””
- Also stated in: § Modifying the DSM-5 Model · hedged
“In the estimation sample the fit indices of the resultant modified DSM-5 model were suggestive of good fit (CFI ϭ 0.97, RMSEA ϭ 0.06), whereas those of the initial DSM-5 model implied only adequate fit (CFI ϭ 0.93, RMSEA ϭ 0.08).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Also stated in: § Modifying the DSM-5 Model · hedged
- Findingown data
The current DSM-IV-TR model did not meet criteria for acceptable fit.
“The current DSM-IV-TR model did not meet criteria for acceptable fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
For each index of fit, the DSM-5 model's value was better than those of the other models.
“For each index, its value was better than those of the other models.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
The modified DSM-5 model fit well in the hold-out sample.
“This DSM-5 model fit well in the hold-out sample”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
The DSM-5 model was superior to the three-factor DSM-IV-TR model.
“The DSM-5 model was superior to the three-factor DSM-IV-TR model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Findingown data
The DSM-5 sensory model did not show metric invariance between ASD and BAP groups (ΔCFI = 0.041).
“When comparing ASD and BAP groups, the restricted DSM-5 model performed less well than an unrestricted model (⌬CFI ϭ 0.041).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In our mostly high-functioning sample, the DSM-5 sensory model showed stability according to age and sex.
“In our mostly highfunctioning sample, the DSM-5 sensory model showed stability according to age and sex.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The subscale measuring play and imagination (C4) was problematic within the DSM-5 model tested, reflecting its covariation with another subscale measuring conversation abilities (C2).
“The subscale measuring play and imagination (C4) was found to be problematic within the DSM-5 model tested, reflecting its covariation with another subscale measuring conversation abilities (C2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Removal of C3 improved model fit.
“Furthermore its removal improved model fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Evidence for the proposal that stereotyped, repetitive language (C3) be considered a type of RRB, not a symptom of communication impairment, was equivocal.
“Evidence for the proposal that stereotyped, repetitive language (subscale C3 of the 3Di algorithm) be considered a type of RRB, not a symptom of communication impairment, was equivocal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The DSM-5 sensory model showed metric invariance in the hold-out sample (ΔCFI = 0.001).
“Metric invariance was also demonstrated, since a model assuming equality of all factor loadings in both groups did not fit worse than in the free model (⌬CFI ϭ 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A two-factor model of autistic symptomatology comprising social communication and RRB dimensions is superior to other models.
“Instead, all indices of fit pointed to the superiority of a two-factor model of autistic symptomatology, comprising social communication and RRB dimensions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Items S3 (sharing), S4 (socio-emotional reciprocity), and C1 (nonverbal communication) have different sized factor loadings in ASD and BAP groups.
“Systematic investigation of individual items identified S3 (sharing), S4 (socio-emotional reciprocity), and C1 (nonverbal communication) as having different sized factor loadings in ASD and BAP groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Inspection of standardized residuals suggested that C3 covaried strongly with items measuring social communication.
“inspection of standardized residuals suggested that C3 covaried strongly with items measuring social communication.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A three-factor model emulating DSM-IV-TR was not supported in our analyses of 3Di data.
“In common with the majority of CFA studies using ADI-R measured symptoms, [7][8][9][10][11] a threefactor model emulating DSM-IV-TR was not supported in our analyses of 3Di data.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7][8][9][10][11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
The DSM-5 sensory model shows metric invariance across age and sex groups (ΔCFI = .001).
“Restricting the model in the three different age groups and by sex did not significantly decrease model fit compared with that in the unrestricted model (⌬CFI ϭ .001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
C3 did not cross-load onto the social communication factor.
“and C3 did not cross-load onto the social communication factor”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The DSM-5 sensory model shows configural invariance across age, sex, and autism symptom severity groups.
“Fit statistics for the free model estimated across age (CFI ϭ 0.97, RMSEA ϭ 0.03), sex (CFI ϭ 0.96, RMSEA ϭ 0.04) and symptom severity (CFI ϭ 0.94, RMSEA ϭ 0.03) suggest that it has configural invariance (i.e., that its structure and pattern of item loadings are stable) in relation to these variables.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
“The model fit well for both the ASD and BAP participants, demonstrating configural invariance across the range of symptom severity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
- Findingown data
The DSM-5 model that treated C3 as a type of RRB was adequate.
“Although the DSM-5 model that treated C3 as a type of RRB was adequate”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The sensory abnormalities subscale loads comfortably onto the RRB factor.
“Inspection of factor loadings and standardized residuals showed that this subscale, based on items about hypo-and hypersensitivity to sound and textures, loads comfortably onto the RRB factor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The DSM-5 sensory model showed configural invariance in the hold-out sample (CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.04).
“Fit indices of a free model allowing all parameters to vary between the estimation and hold-out groups suggested configural invariance (CFI ϭ 0.97, RMSEA ϭ 0.04).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Adding a sensory abnormalities subscale to the DSM-5 model did not reduce model fit.
“When a sensory abnormalities subscale was added to the DSM-5 model, there was no evidence of a reduction in model fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
This procedure reduced the risk of deriving an over-fitted model that would not generalize beyond the dataset used in its development.
“This procedure reduced the risk of our deriving an over-fitted model that would not generalize beyond the dataset used in its development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Sensory abnormalities are part of the RRB symptom cluster.
“As suggested in the proposed DSM-5 criteria, sensory abnormalities are part of the RRB symptom cluster.”
- Also stated in: § Modifying the DSM-5 Model · hedged
“suggesting that it was well specified as a manifestation of the RRB factor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Also stated in: § Modifying the DSM-5 Model · hedged
- Premisecitation
CFA provides strong evidence for a RRB factor that is separate from social communication impairments.
“CFA provides strong evidence for a RRB factor that is separate from social communication impairments.[7][8][9][10][11][12]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7][8][9][10][11][12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Most symptoms of autism which DSM-IV-TR assumes to reflect two distinct social and communication dimensions are actually manifestations of a single social communication factor.
“most of the symptoms of autism which DSM-IV-TR assumes to reflect two distinct social and communication dimensions are actually manifestations of a single social communication factor.[7][8][9][10][11]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7][8][9][10][11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
CFA studies using well validated measures of ASD symptoms are broadly supportive of the proposed DSM-5 ASD construct.
“When reviewed together, CFA studies using well validated measures of ASD symptoms are broadly supportive of the proposed DSM-5 ASD construct.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7][8][9][10][11][12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Agreement on caseness with clinician diagnosis is excellent (positive predictive power: 0.93, negative predictive power: 0.91).
“Agreement on caseness with clinician diagnosis is excellent (positive predictive power: 0.93, negative predictive power: 0.91).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] Skuse, 2004, The Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview (3di): a novel computerized assessment for autism spectrum disorders, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- cites [19] Santosh, 2009, The construction and validation of a short form of the Developmental, Diagnostic and Dimensional Interview, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- Interpretationown data
Previous findings that informed the development of the DSM-5 dyadic model generalize beyond ADI-R measured symptoms.
“shows that previous findings that informed their development generalize beyond ADI-R measured symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The autism phenotype is inadequately described by DSM-IV-TR criteria.
“Our findings suggest that the autism phenotype is inadequately described by DSM-IV-TR criteria”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Sensory abnormalities are best conceptualized as an aspect of RRB.
“In addition, we present support for the notion that sensory abnormalities are best conceptualized as an aspect of RRB.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Our findings may not generalize to lower functioning groups.
“We acknowledge that our findings may not generalize to lower functioning groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The current study endorses the dyadic model proposed in DSM-5 draft criteria.
“Thus the current study offers an endorsement of the dyadic model proposed in DSM-5 draft criteria”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A similar two-factor model has been validated using direct observational data from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and multi-factor item-response theory.
“Our analyses are of parent-reported symptoms, but it is notable that a similar two-factor model has been validated using direct observational data from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and multi-factor item-response theory.28”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Gotham, 2007, The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Interpretationcitation
Questions measuring stereotyped, repetitive language may capture both social communication and RRB difficulties.
“This phenomenon has been reported elsewhere 11 and suggests that questions measuring stereotyped, repetitive language may capture both social communication and RRB difficulties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Snow, 2009, The structure of the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised: diagnostic and phenotypic implications, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- Interpretationown data
The DSM-5 sensory model generalises to the hold-out sample.
“Given this evidence for the generalisability of the DSM-5 sensory model to the hold-out sample, all subsequent analyses used the whole sample.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Each 3Di subscale does not exactly correspond to a single proposed DSM-5 criterion.
“This is because each 3Di subscale does not exactly correspond to a single proposed DSM-5 criterion”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 15
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe triadic model proposed in DSM-IV-TR lacks validity, as all but one CFA study found it inferior to alternative models.
“They are strongly suggestive that the triadic model proposed in DSM-IV-TR lacks validity, [7][8][9][10][11] as all but one study 12 found it to be inferior to alternative models.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [7][8][9][10][11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [12] Lecavalier, 2009, Deconstructing the PDD clinical phenotype: internal validity of the DSM-IV, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
The CFA findings and Discussion report the opposite result for this study: the DSM-based three-factor model fit better than the one- and two-factor alternatives. The Abstract also says more research is needed before discarding the current classification system. The paper discusses mixed findings from other studies, but does not establish the claimed all-but-one pattern. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationModels of autistic symptoms can vary according to participant characteristics.
“Previous CFA findings have shown that models of autistic symptoms can vary according to participant characteristics.12”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Lecavalier, 2009, Deconstructing the PDD clinical phenotype: internal validity of the DSM-IV, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe factor structure of the autistic phenotype can vary with IQ such that better model fit is found in more intellectually able groups.
“There is some evidence that the factor structure of the autistic phenotype can vary with IQ such that better model fit is found in more intellectually able groups.12”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Lecavalier, 2009, Deconstructing the PDD clinical phenotype: internal validity of the DSM-IV, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataA scale measuring sensory abnormalities was added to the DSM-5 model and loaded onto its RRB factor, with a loading of 0.58.
“A scale measuring sensory abnormalities was added to the model, and loaded onto its RRB factor.”
- Also stated in: § Modifying the DSM-5 Model · plain
“The loading of the sensory abnormalities variable onto RRB was 0.58”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
- Also stated in: § Modifying the DSM-5 Model · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataC4 (play and imagination) appeared to be misspecified, as it was highly correlated with C2 (conversational abilities), indicated by their high standardized residual covariance (2.79) and the largest reduction of the model chi2 (19.18) would be achieved by allowing their error terms to co-vary.
“C4 (play and imagination) also appeared to be misspecified, as it was highly correlated with C2 (conversational abilities), as indicated by their high standardized residual covariance (2.79) and the fact that the largest reduction of the model 2 (19.18) would be achieved by allowing their error terms to co-vary.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataS3, S4, and C1 have weaker loadings onto the social communication factor in the BAP compared with the ASD group.
“All had weaker loadings onto the social communication factor in the BAP compared with the ASD group.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“However there was evidence that loadings onto the SC factor for subscales measuring sharing (S3), socio-emotional reciprocity (S4), and non-verbal communication (C1) were lower in the BAP than in ASD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAgreement between the 3Di and the ADI-R for threshold scores that comprise the ADI-R algorithm is high: 86% for reciprocal social interaction, 100% for communication and 76% for repetitive and stereotyped behaviors.
“Agreement between the 3Di and the ADI-R for threshold scores that comprise the ADI-R algorithm is also high: 86% for reciprocal social interaction, 100% for communication and 76% for repetitive and stereotyped behaviors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] Skuse, 2004, The Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview (3di): a novel computerized assessment for autism spectrum disorders, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- cites [19] Santosh, 2009, The construction and validation of a short form of the Developmental, Diagnostic and Dimensional Interview, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationDraft DSM-5 criteria propose reassignment of stereotyped and repetitive use of language as a form of RRB, not a symptom of communication impairment.
“the reassignment of stereotyped and repetitive use of language as a form of RRB, not a symptom of communication impairment”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataAmong higher-functioning individuals, ASD is a dyad, not a triad, with distinct social communication and repetitive behavior dimensions.
“Among higher-functioning individuals, ASD is a dyad, not a triad, with distinct social communication and repetitive behavior dimensions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationASD is a dimensional disorder.
“given the strong evidence that ASD is a dimensional disorder, 13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Constantino, 2003, Autistic traits in the general population: a twin study, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationDraft DSM-5 criteria propose removal of impaired imagination from the list of core autistic symptoms.
“Furthermore draft criteria propose the removal of impaired imagination from the list of core autistic symptoms 6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Wing, 2011, Autism spectrum disorders in the DSM-V: better or worse than the DSM-IV?, Res Dev Disabil source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe fit of the best-fitting DSM-5 model was tested in subgroups defined according to sex, age, and symptom severity to see if its structure and parameters were stable and generalizable.
“Finally, fit of the best-fitting DSM-5 model was tested in subgroups defined according to sex, age, and symptom severity, to see if this model's structure and parameters were stable and generalizable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe 3Di has strong psychometric properties.
“Research indicates that the 3Di has strong psychometric properties.14,19”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] Skuse, 2004, The Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview (3di): a novel computerized assessment for autism spectrum disorders, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- cites [19] Santosh, 2009, The construction and validation of a short form of the Developmental, Diagnostic and Dimensional Interview, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationDraft DSM-5 criteria propose inclusion of hypo- or hyperreactivity to sensory stimuli as a core criterion within the RRB domain.
“the inclusion of hypo-or hyperreactivity to sensory stimuli as a core criterion within the RRB domain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe overall sample was randomly divided into an estimation sample (n=367) and a hold-out sample (n=341).
“For the purpose of these model fitting procedures, the overall sample was randomly divided in two to create an “estimation sample” (n ϭ 367) and a “holdout sample” (n ϭ 341).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe sensory abnormalities scale created from five 3Di items concerning hypo- and hypersensitivity to sounds and textures had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.8.
“For the current study, we also created a sensory abnormalities scale from five 3Di items concerning hypo-and hypersensitivity to sounds and textures.Cronbach's ␣ for this scale was 0.8.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationInterrater and test-retest reliability of the 3Di are high, yielding intraclass correlations greater than 0.86.
“Interrater and test-retest reliability of the 3Di are high, yielding intraclass correlations greater than 0.86.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] Skuse, 2004, The Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview (3di): a novel computerized assessment for autism spectrum disorders, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- cites [19] Santosh, 2009, The construction and validation of a short form of the Developmental, Diagnostic and Dimensional Interview, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCurrent diagnostic criteria conceptualize the autism syndrome as a triad of observable impairments in social reciprocity, communication, and flexibility of thought and behavior.
“Current diagnostic criteria conceptualize the autism syndrome as a triad of observable impairments in social reciprocity, communication, and flexibility of thought and behavior.1,2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [1] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [2] 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe ASD and BAP groups did not differ according to age or intelligence, but there were a higher proportion of males among those with an ASD diagnosis.
“These did not differ according to age or intelligence, but there were a higher proportion of males among those with an ASD diagnosis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationDraft DSM-5 criteria propose replacing the autism triad with an autism dyad comprising social communication and restricted repetitive behavior (RRB) dimensions.
“Foremost among these is the suggested replacement of the autism triad with an autism dyad comprising social communication and restricted repetitive behavior (RRB) dimensions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCFI values above 0.9 are considered acceptable, with a CFI above 0.95 indicating good fit.
“Values above 0.9 are considered acceptable, with a CFI above 0.95 indicating good fit.26”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Hu, 1999, Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Struct Equat Model source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe proposed autism dyad of DSM-5 has greater validity, with the core impairments of ASD being manifestations of separable social communication and RRB dimensions.
“and that the proposed autism dyad of DSM-5 has greater validity, with the core impairments of ASD being manifestations of separable social communication and RRB dimensions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationHigh- and low-functioning ASD may have distinct factor structures.
“In fact there is a possibility that high-and low-functioning ASD have distinct factor structures, because those CFA studies that included a large proportion of ASD individuals with comorbid intellectual disability have tended not to endorse a two-factor DSM-5-type model, 7,8,10 be-cause they report, in addition to social communication and RRB, an”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [7] Boomsma, 2008, A new symptom model for autism cross-validated in an independent sample, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- cites [8] Van Lang, 2006, Structural equation analysis of a hypothesised symptom model in the autism spectrum, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- cites [10] Georgiades, 2007, Structure of the autism symptom phenotype: a proposed multidimensional model, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRMSEA values below 0.05 are considered good, and models with values above 0.1 should not be accepted.
“Values below 0.05 are considered good, and models with values above 0.1 should not be accepted.25”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] Byrne, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSRMR values below 0.08 indicate good fit.
“Values below 0.08 indicate good fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] Byrne, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationown dataThe subscales S3, S4, and C1 are somewhat better indicators of social communication difficulties in ASD than in individuals with sub-threshold presentations.
“One interpretation of this finding is that these subscales, which were initially designed to measure difficulties of clinical severity, are somewhat better indicators of social communication difficulties in ASD than in individuals with sub-threshold presentations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSensory abnormalities are more strongly correlated with RRB than with autistic social and communication difficulties.
“This is consistent with findings elsewhere that sensory abnormalities are more strongly correlated with RRB than with autistic social and communication difficulties.29”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Chen, 2009, Restricted and repetitive behaviours, sensory processing and cognitive style in children with autism spectrum disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationDistinct aetiologies may underpin different dimensions of autistic impairment.
“and that distinct aetiologies may underpin different dimensions of autistic impairment.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Mandy, 2008, Research review: what is the association between the social-communication element of autism and repetitive interests, behaviours and activities?, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIt is time to give up on a single explanation for autism.
“Evidence is emerging that it is”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Happe, 2006, Time to give up on a single explanation for autism, Nat Neurosci source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe finding that C4 is problematic is compatible with the notion that difficulties with play and imagination are relevant to an ASD diagnosis, but the key issue is the extent to which they occur socially in reciprocal exchange.
“This finding is compatible with the notion embodied in draft DSM-5 criteria that difficulties with play and imagination are relevant to an ASD diagnosis, but that the key issue is the extent to which they can occur socially, in the context of reciprocal exchange.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThis study used a large, heterogeneous sample and a well-validated measurement instrument to test construct validity and factor invariance of ASD.
“This study used a large, heterogeneous sample to test the construct validity and factor invariance of ASD using a well-validated measurement instrument.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenA DSM-5 model was developed in an estimation sample and cross-validated in a holdout sample to test its generalisability.
“A DSM-5 model was developed in an estimation sample and cross-validated in a holdout sample, to test its generalisability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe model tested approximates but is not identical to the model proposed in DSM-5 draft criteria.
“Second, because we used subscales from the 3Di validated diagnostic algorithm, which was based on DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria, we were able to test a model that approximates, but that is not identical to, the model proposed in DSM-5 draft criteria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Autism is a behavioral syndrome in which a specific cluster of signs and symptoms signifies a latent disease entity.
“autism is defined as a behavioral syndrome, such that a specific cluster of signs and symptoms are assumed to signify a latent disease entity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 3Di subscale scores validly represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.
“Individual items are summed to generate 12 subscale scores, which represent the 12 individual DSM-IV-TR autistic symptom criteria.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The shift from multiple subcategories to a single dimension resulted in improved diagnostic specificity and good diagnostic sensitivity, with over 90% of children with PDDs meeting DSM-5 ASD criteria, and the remainder likely captured by the new social communication disorder diagnosis.
“Furthermore, the shift from multiple subcategories to a single dimension resulted in improved diagnostic specificity and good diagnostic sensitivity, with over 90% of children with PDDs meeting DSM-5 ASD criteria (Huerta et al. 2012; Mandy et al. 2012), and with the remainder likely captured by the new social communication disorder diagnosis.”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Mandy et al. 2012
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlthough extensive data exist about the presence of each defined RRB in children with autism, the groupings themselves were not empirically derived.
“Though extensive data exist about the presence of each of the defined RRBs in children with autism (Cuccaro et al. 2003, Honey et al. 2012, Mandy et al. 2012, Szatmari et al. 2006), the groupings themselves were not empirically derived.”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Mandy et al. 2012
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes empirical studies of autistic symptoms and this paper’s analysis of RRB subscales in children, supporting the existence of data on RRBs. It does not establish that extensive data exist on the presence of each defined RRB. The statement about how the groupings were derived follows the citations and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDSM-IV subtypes have poor predictive ability of later outcome.
“and poor predictive ability of later outcome based on these subtypes [17,18]”
From DSM-5 and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): an opportunity for identifying ASD subtypes (2013) · cites this paper as [17]
The Comparison of DSM-5, DSM-IV-TR, and One-Factor Models section reports that the DSM-IV-TR symptom model did not meet criteria for acceptable fit. The Method and Statistical Analyses sections describe diagnostic categories and cross-sectional model testing, but no passage found on DSM-IV subtype diagnoses predicting later outcomes (searched: predictive ability, longitudinal outcome, diagnostic subtypes). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The 3Di citation points to a different publication
MinorThe text cites reference 14 for the 3Di, but reference 14 is about diagnostic classification. The 3Di publication appears as reference 13.
“ASD symptoms were measured using the Dimensional, Diagnostic and Developmental Interview (3Di).14”
“14. Szatmari P. The classification of autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45: 731-738.”
Sex counts disagree with the subgroup percentages
MinorThe reported subgroup sizes and male percentages imply 398 boys in the ASD group and 161 in the BAP group, for 559 altogether, rather than the stated 560.
“the sample included 560 boys (79%) and 148 girls (21%).”
“| | n ؍ 488 | n ؍ 220 | (p value) | | Proportion male | 81.6% | 73.2% | .02 |”
Age categories exclude the oldest reported participant
MinorThe oldest participant was 21.1 years old, but the oldest age category ends before age 21. The age-group counts in Table 3 nevertheless total the full sample of 708.
“The mean age of participants was 9.5 years (range: 2.4-21.1 years)”
“Three age groups were defined: early childhood (aged 2 to Ͻ7 years); middle childhood (aged 7 to Ͻ12 years); and late childhood/adolescence (aged 12 to Ͻ21 years).”
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Time to give up on a single explanation for autism
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Autism spectrum disorders in the DSM-V: better or worse than the DSM-IV?
Wing, L., Gould, J., & Gillberg, C. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.11.003 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Skuse, D., Warrington, R., Bishop, D., Chowdhury, U., Lau, J., Mandy, W., & Place, M. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200405000-00008 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Self-citationDefining the cognitive phenotype of autism
Charman, T., Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Baird, G., & Happé, F. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.075 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, Y.-H., Rodgers, J., & McConachie, H. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0663-6 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Mandy, W. P. L., & Skuse, D. H. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01911.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure of the Autism Symptom Phenotype
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Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Autism Diagnostic Interview—revised
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The structure of the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised: diagnostic and phenotypic implications
Snow, A. V., Lecavalier, L., & Houts, C. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02018.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Classification of Autism, Asperger's Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder
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Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified
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Self-citationStructural equation analysis of a hypothesised symptom model in the autism spectrum
van Lang, N. D. J., Boomsma, A., Sytema, S., de Bildt, A. A., Kraijer, D. W., Ketelaars, C., & Minderaa, R. B. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01434.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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Self-citationDeconstructing the PDD clinical phenotype: internal validity of the DSM-IV
Lecavalier, L., Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., Houts, C., & Edwards, M. C. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02104.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A new symptom model for autism cross-validated in an independent sample
Boomsma, A., Van Lang, N. D. J., De Jonge, M. V., De Bildt, A. A., Van Engeland, H., & Minderaa, R. B. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01897.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, S. O. D. A. B. P., Kuo, D. Z., Apkon, S., Davidson, L. F., Ellerbeck, K. A., Foster, J. E. A., Noritz, G. H., et al. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3447 · Cited by 1,548 · see citing works
Recognition of Emotions in Autism: A Formal Meta-Analysis
Uljarevic, M., & Hamilton, A. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1695-5 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
“Data are from Table 2 of supplementary information J Autism Dev Disord syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) though the meaning of these categories is under debate (Lord and Jones 2012; Mandy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundHus, V., Gotham, K., & Lord, C. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1719-1 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
“Several initial studies support these proposed changes (Frazier et al. 2012; Huerta et al. in press, Mandy et al. 2012, though see Mattila et al. 2011 and McPartland et al. 2012).”
DSM-5 and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): an opportunity for identifying ASD subtypes
Grzadzinski, R., Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2013) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-12 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“Although concerns have been raised about the validity and diagnostic sensitivity of the proposed DSM-5 criteria [19], a number of studies have emerged in support of the conceptual validity of the new criteria [20].”
BackgroundHuerta, M., Bishop, S. L., Duncan, A., Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020276 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
“Mandy and colleagues (6) tested this model, including sensory behaviors as part of the restricted and repetitive behavior criterion, and found that this model has an excellent fit.”
BackgroundThe Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond
Rosen, N. E., Lord, C., & Volkmar, F. R. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04904-1 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Annual research review: re-thinking the classification of autism spectrum disorders
Lord, C., & Jones, R. M. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02547.x · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Grzadzinski, R., Carr, T., Colombi, C., McGuire, K., Dufek, S., Pickles, A. R., & Lord, C. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2782-9 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“…as a plausible parsimonious fit for the data as eigenvalues were substantially greater than 1, with a RMSEA value under 0.07 (Browne and Cudeck 1993), and theoretical overlaps with other two-factor solutions found in ASD literature (Guthrie et al. 2013; Mandy et al. 2012; Shuster et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRecent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112745 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“…most items from the DSM-IV social and communication domains loaded onto a single factor that included verbal and nonverbal communication and social behaviors (e.g., Constantino et al. 2004, Frazier et al. 2008, Georgiades et al. 2013, Gotham et al. 2007, Lecavalier et al. 2006, Mandy et al. 2012).”
BackgroundFunctional and structural connectivity of frontostriatal circuitry in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Delmonte, S., Gallagher, L., O’Hanlon, E., McGrath, J., & Balsters, J. H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00430 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Chaste, P., Klei, L., Sanders, S. J., Hus, V., Murtha, M. T., Lowe, J. K., Willsey, A. J., Moreno-De-Luca, D., Yu, T. W., Fombonne, E., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.017 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Indeed most factor studies suggest that the structure of ASD phenotype is best conceptualized as a dyad of symptoms with distinct social communication and repetitive behavior dimensions (26, 27, 28).”
Gibson, J., Adams, C., Lockton, E., & Green, J. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12079 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Mandy, W., & Tchanturia, K. (2015) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-6-6 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“First, they reported that in childhood they had various neurodevelopmental difficulties associated with ASD, including problems with sensory processing, emotion regulation, language and attention [46-48].”
BackgroundSelf-citationA twin study of heritable and shared environmental contributions to autism
Frazier, T. W., Thompson, L., Youngstrom, E. A., Law, P., Hardan, A. Y., Eng, C., & Morris, N. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2081-2 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“(Martin et al. 2012), consistent with observations of increased rates of ASD in twins (Zachor and Ben Itzchak 2011).”
The Autism Impact Measure (AIM): Initial development of a new tool for treatment outcome measurement
Kanne, S. M., Mazurek, M. O., Sikora, D., Bellando, J., Branum-Martin, L., Handen, B., Katz, T., Freedman, B., Powell, M. P., & Warren, Z. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1862-3 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“…studies supported multiple factors being present, with the consistent existence of a social and non-social factor (Mandy and Skuse 2008), consistent with recent research examining validating the proposed 2-factor structure underlying the new DSM-5 criteria (Frazier et al. 2012; Mandy et al. 2012).”
ResultBrief report: DSM-5 sensory behaviours in children with and without an autism spectrum disorder
Green, D., Chandler, S., Charman, T., Simonoff, E., & Baird, G. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2881-7 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“…of atypical sensory behaviours with restricted, repetitive and stereotyped behaviours, but not IQ, are consistent with those of Boyd et al. (2010), Mandy et al. (2012), Dar et al. (2012) and Wigham et al. (2015) but inconsistent with Lane et al. (2014) who found hypersensitivity and generalised…”
Self-citationPredictive coding in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Gonzalez-Gadea, M. L., Chennu, S., Bekinschtein, T. A., Rattazzi, A., Beraudi, A., Tripicchio, P., Moyano, B., Soffita, Y., Steinberg, L., Adolfi, F., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00543.2015 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Sensitivity and Specificity of Proposed DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Toddlers
Barton, M. L., Robins, D. L., Jashar, D., Brennan, L., & Fein, D. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1817-8 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“In a study of 330 developmentally disabled adults, Matson et al. (2012a) found that the number of adults diagnosed with ASD by DSM-5 criteria declined by 36 % from the number identified by DSM-IV-TR criteria.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYoung, R. L., & Rodi, M. L. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1927-3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Yu, Y., Ozonoff, S. J., & Miller, M. R. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231173089 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“This change was meant to reflect the state of the science which consistently revealed that the social and communication/language symptoms in DSM-IV (APA, 1994) loaded on a single ‘‘social com-munication’’ factor (Mandy et al., 2012).”
BackgroundINCLEN diagnostic tool for autism spectrum disorder (INDT-ASD): Development and validation
Inclen Study Group, Juneja, M., Mishra, D., Russell, P. S. S., Gulati, S., Deshmukh, V., Tudu, P., Sagar, R., Silberberg, D. H., Bhutani, V. K., et al. (2014) · Indian Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s13312-014-0417-9 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“INDIAN PEDIATRICS 359 VOLUME 51__MAY 15, 2014 Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) have supported a 2symptom cluster model [4,5] of varying severity.”
BackgroundWaterhouse, L. H., London, E., & Gillberg, C. (2016) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-016-0085-x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Severity of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Conceptualization, and Transition to DSM-5
Mehling, M. H., & Tassé, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2731-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“long-term prognostic trajectories (Frazier et al. 2012; Mandy et al. 2012).”
ResultBrief Report: Comparability of DSM-IV and DSM-5 ASD Research Samples
Mazefsky, C. A., McPartland, J. C., Gastgeb, H. Z., & Minshew, N. J. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1665-y · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Nishiyama, T., Suzuki, M., Adachi, K., Sumi, S., Okada, K., Kishino, H., Sakai, S., Kamio, Y., Kojima, M., Suzuki, S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-2020-7 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Evans, S. C., Boan, A. D., Bradley, C. C., & Carpenter, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1437734 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Noordhof, A., Krueger, R. F., Ormel, J., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Hartman, C. A. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9923-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“A number of studies have shown the relevance of dimensional representations of autism related problems in clinical and general population samples (Constantino et al. 2006; Constantino and Todd 2003; Frazier et al. 2010, 2012; Mandy et al. 2012; Mulligan et al. 2009; Reiersen, Constantino, Grimmer, Martin, and Todd 200…”
BackgroundMethodExploring the Proposed DSM-5 Criteria in a Clinical Sample
Taheri, A., & Perry, A. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1599-4 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Campisi, L., Imran, N., Nazeer, A., Skokauskas, N., & Azeem, M. W. (2018) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldy026 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Moseley, R. L., & Friedemann Pulvermüller, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.019 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sensory Symptoms in Autism: A Blooming, Buzzing Confusion?
Pellicano, E. (2013) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12031 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Commentary from the DSM-5 Workgroup on Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Swedo, S. E., Baird, G., Cook, E. H., Happé, F. G., Harris, J. C., Kaufmann, W. E., King, B. H., Lord, C. E., Piven, J., Rogers, S. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.013 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Evaluating social (pragmatic) communication disorder
Mandy, W., Wang, A., Lee, I., & Skuse, D. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12785 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, E. J. H., Dawson, G., & Webb, S. J. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.04.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
What the DSM-5 Portends for Research, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Mahjouri, S., & Lord, C. E. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0327-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“[51]”
MethodInfluentialPathological Demand Avoidance: symptoms but not a syndrome
Green, J., Absoud, M., Grahame, V., Malik, O., Simonoff, E. A., Couteur, A. S. L., & Baird, G. (2018) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30044-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Update on diagnostic classification in autism
King, B. H., Navot, N., Bernier, R., & Webb, S. J. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000040 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“[22] used confirmatory factor analysis, on a large heterogeneous sample, to test the construct validity of this proposed DSM-5 symptom model.”
MethodReview of Factor Analytic Studies Examining Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Shuster, J., Perry, A., Bebko, J. M., & Toplak, M. E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1854-3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Recently, Mandy et al. (2012) used a similar approach to examine different ASD symptom structures and found the proposed DSM-5 structure to be stable across age, sex, as well as different degrees of ASD symptoms.”
InfluentialAsperger syndrome in males over two decades: stability and predictors of diagnosis
Helles, A., Gillberg, C. I., Gillberg, C., & Billstedt, E. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12334 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Brukner-Wertman, Y., Laor, N., & Golan, O. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2814-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“2015) and the Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview (3di) (Mandy et al. 2012) have already demonstrated an ability to separately evaluate the SC and RRB axes of ASD, but have not yet reported on its use for the differential diagnosis of ASD and SPCD.”
BackgroundComparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 Factor Structure Models for Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Guthrie, W., Swineford, L. B., Wetherby, A. M., & Lord, C. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“In most of these studies, broad age groups were compared (e.g., 7 years and ≥7 years 10 ), yielding little information on specific periods of development.”
InfluentialMandy, W., Charman, T., Puura, K., & Skuse, D. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313508026 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Abnormalities of sensory perception, previously designated a peripheral feature of ASD, are considered a core feature in DSM-5, classified as a type of RSB. Repetitive use of language, assigned by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) as a type of communication impairment, is li…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBruining, H., Matsui, A., Oguro‐Ando, A., Kahn, R. S., Spijker, H. M. V. ‘., Akkermans, G., Stiedl, O., van Engeland, H., Koopmans, B., van Lith, H. A., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.017 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Consistently, behavioral symptoms relating to lower and higher order sensory processing abnormalities are frequently reported in ASD (60,67,68) and have been added to the diagnostic criteria for ASD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (69).”
Joshi, G., Wozniak, J. R., Fitzgerald, M., Faraone, S. V., Fried, R. S., Galdo, M., Furtak, S. L., Conroy, K., Kilcullen, J. R., Belser, A. H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3542-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“The ASD diagnoses were based on DSM-IV, and as a minority of the ASD were of the PDD-NOS subtype, most of the ASD subjects with ASD diagnoses were of autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder subtype will still meet diagnostic criteria in the DSM-V as suggested by literature on diagnostic stability between the two DSM…”
MethodDSM-5 Changes and the Prevalence of Parent-Reported Autism Spectrum Symptoms in Fragile X Syndrome
Wheeler, A., Mussey, J. L., Villagomez, A. N., Bishop, E. E., Raspa, M., Edwards, A., Bodfish, J. W., Bann, C., & Bailey, D. B. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2246-z · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“the DSM-IV-TR’s three-factor model, providing conceptual validity to adding sensory behaviors and combining social interaction and communication impairments into one set of criteria (Mandy et al. 2012).”
MethodFactor Structure of Autistic Traits in Children with ADHD
Martin, J., Hamshere, M., O'Donovan, M., Rutter, M., & Thapar, A. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1865-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…to a dyad (social-communication deficits and RRBs) of SCQ social communication questionnaire, EFA exploratory factor analysis, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder * Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) symptom types in the DSM-5 (Frazier et al. 2012; Mandy et al. 2012).”
MethodResultInfluentialHuang, T., Yen, T., Qiu, L. R., Chuang, H., Lerch, J. P., & Hsueh, Y. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0257-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Alterations in High-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Eilam‐Stock, T., Wu, T., Spagna, A., Egan, L. J., & Fan, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00237 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Then, each image was segmented into six tissue classes (i.e., GM, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, bone, non-brain soft tissue, and air outside of the head and in nose, sinus, and ears) using the SPM standard tissue probability map (Mazziotta et al., 1995) with default parameters.”
DSM-5's Conceptualization of Autistic Disorders
Skuse, D. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationWidespread Disrupted White Matter Microstructure in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Fitzgerald, J., Gallagher, L., & McGrath, J. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2803-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Comparing Diagnostic Outcomes of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 Criteria
Harstad, E. B., Fogler, J., Sideridis, G. D., Weas, S., Mauras, C. P., & Barbaresi, W. J. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2306-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Wright, S. D., Wright, S. D., Brooks, D., D’Astous, V., & Grandin, T. (2013) · Autism Insights · doi:10.4137/aui.s11072 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Zachor, D. A., & Ben‐Itzchak, E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1867-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Assessment of ASD was obtained using standardized tests, the autism diagnosis interview-revised (ADI-R) (Le Couteur et al. 2003) and the autism diagnosis observation schedule (ADOS) (Lord et al. 1999), and meeting criteria for autism/ASD based on DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialBergmann, T. J., Sappok, T., Diefenbacher, A., Dames, S., Heinrich, M., Ziegler, M. D., & Dziobek, I. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.05.011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Evolution in the Understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Historical Perspective
Mintz, M. (2016) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-016-2080-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Watanabe, H., Nakamura, M., Ohno, T., Itahashi, T., Tanaka, E., Ohta, H., Yamada, T., Kanai, C., Iwanami, A., Kato, N., et al. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst016 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Recently, abnormalities in sensory processing have been demonstrated in all five classic sensory modalities in ASD (Marco et al., 2011), and altered reactivity to sensory inputs is now included as one of the new diagnostic criteria for ASD in DSM-V (Mandy et al., 2012).”
Demographic and clinical correlates of autism symptom domains and autism spectrum diagnosis
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Embacher, R., Hardan, A. Y., Constantino, J. N., Law, P., Findling, R. L., & Eng, C. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313481506 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“These findings, coupled with previous studies of autism symptom structure (Frazier et al., 2008; Mandy et al., 2012b), provide preliminary validation of proposed DSM-5 symptom domains and support separation of SCI and RRB. Future revisions of the SRS and other symptom measures—and current use of…”
BackgroundResultDevelopmental Language Disorders: Challenges and Implications of Cross-Group Comparisons
Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica · doi:10.1159/000353896 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Greaves‐Lord, K., Eussen, M. L. J. M., Verhulst, F. C., Minderaa, R. B., Mandy, W., Hudziak, J. J., Steenhuis, M., de Nijs, P. F. A., & Hartman, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1724-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The proposed DSM-5 criteria have been subjected to various empirical examinations (e.g. McPartland et al. 2012; Mandy et al. 2012; Frazier et al. 2012) and have attracted large media attention (e.”
Self-citationFactor structure of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale as per DSM‐5
Park, E., & Kim, J. (2015) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.12770 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
González-Gadea, M. L., Sigman, M., Rattazzi, A., Lavín, C., Rivera-Rei, Á. A., Marino, J., Manes, F. F., & Ibáñez, A. M. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30588 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Towards the DSM‐5 Criteria for Autism: Clinical, Cultural, and Research Implications
Vivanti, G., Hudry, K., Trembath, D. L., Barbaro, J., Richdale, A. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2013) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12008 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Eussen, M. L. J. M., de Bruin, E. I., Gool, A. R. V., Louwerse, A., van der Ende, J., Verheij, F., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves‐Lord, K. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0552-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“How these DSM-IVTR PDD classifications relate to the DSM 5 classification of ASD still needs to be further clarified [37, 38].”
BackgroundSaccade dysmetria indicates attenuated visual exploration in autism spectrum disorder
Bast, N., Mason, L., Freitag, C. M., Smith, T. J., Portugal, A. M., Poustka, L., Banaschewski, T., Johnson, M. H., & The EU‐AIMS LEAP Group (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13267 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Morales‐Hidalgo, P., Hernández‐Martínez, C., Voltas, N., & Canals, J. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.05.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“This structure is consistent with other models of ASD symptoms that separate both domains (Mandy et al., 2012; Shuster et al., 2014) and also includes social pragmatic communication difficulties.”
Resultde la Peña, F. R., Rosetti, M., Rodríguez-Delgado, A., Villavicencio, L. R., Palacio, J. D., Montiel‐Nava, C., Mayer, P. A., Félix, F. J., Marcela Larraguibel, Q., Viola, L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.029 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The results of the current study support the inclusion of ASD as part of the K-SADS-PL, which was considered a limitation of the previous version (Leffler et al., 2014), and add validity to the report of Zavaleta-Ramirez et al. (2014) which found good interrater reliability for ASD in the K-SADS-PL Spanish version.”
BackgroundInfluentialSun, X., Allison, C. L., Bonnie Auyeung, B., Zhang, Z., Matthews, F. E., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Brayne, C. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314556785 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“A further question, whether the ASC presents differently in different cultures has recently gained much attention (Mandy et al., 2011, 2014).”
ICD-11—Comparison With DSM-5 and Implications for Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders
Garralda, M. E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804394-3.00002-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Matsushima, K., Matsubayashi, J., Toichi, M., Funabiki, Y., Kato, T., Awaya, T., & Kato, T. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.12.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Valla, J. M., & Belmonte, M. K. (2013) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Slappendel, G., Mandy, W., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., van der Sijde, A., Duvekot, J., Skuse, D., & Greaves‐Lord, K. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2713-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The positive results for the DSM-5 model are in line with those from previous studies using the full version of the interview (Mandy et al. 2014, 2012), as well as studies using other measures to investigate the structure of the ASD phenotype (Boomsma et al. 2008; Frazier et al. 2008; Guthrie et…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationComparing Rates of Diagnosis Using DSM-IV-TR Versus DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Peters, W. J., & Matson, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03941-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Grove, R., Baillie, A., Allison, C. L., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.155101 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sensory Features as a Marker of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Bizzell, E., ROSS, J. L., Rosenthal, C., Dumont, R. L., & Schaaf, R. C. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03948-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Yaylacı, F., & Miral, S. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2937-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hellriegel, J., Barber, C., Wikramanayake, M., Fineberg, N. A., & Mandy, W. (2016) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852916000511 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“and communication difficulties in ASD.(48) Set-shifting difficulties, as well as problems in preservation and planning, exemplify rigid cognitive strategies common in nonsocial domains of ASD.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSamadi, S. A., Biçak, C. A., Noori, H., Abdalla, B., Abdullah, A., & Ahmed, L. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12050537 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The updated version of the scale is based on the proposed changes in the DSM-5 that permit comorbid diagnoses such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ID, and ASD simultaneously.”
MethodInfluentialFreitag, C. M. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000288 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mansour, H., & Kuhn, G. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021818819094 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder With Implications for School Psychologists
Esler, A., & Ruble, L. A. (2015) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2014.890148 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Correlates of Adaptive Functioning in Minimally Verbal Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Frost, K. M., Hong, N., & Lord, C. (2017) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-122.1.1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Structural hierarchy of autism spectrum disorder symptoms: an integrative framework
hyunsik, K., Keifer, C. M., Rodriguez-Seijas, C. A., Eaton, N. R., Lerner, M. D., & Gadow, K. D. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12698 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In an attempt to resolve these classification questions, ASD research generally aims to demonstrate superiority of one model over another (Duku et al., 2013; Mandy et al., 2012; Snow, Lecavalier, & Houts, 2009).”
How well are DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD represented in standardized diagnostic instruments?
Evers, K., Maljaars, J., Carrington, S. J., Carter, A. S., Happe, F. G. E., Steyaert, J. G., Leekam, S., & Noens, I. L. J. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01481-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
mTOR-Dependent Spine Dynamics in Autism
Chaudry, S., & Vasudevan, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.877609 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders defined by the DSM-VI by the presence of two core symptoms: persistent deficits in social communication, social interaction, socio-emotional reciprocity, and restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, inter…”
BackgroundRuta, L., Arduino, G. M., Gagliano, A., Apicella, F., Leonardi, E., Famà, F. I., Chericoni, N., Costanzo, V., Turco, N., Tartarisco, G., et al. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.04.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Brennan, L., Barton, M. L., Chen, C. A., Green, J., & FEIN, D. A. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2295-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In contrast, the DSM-5 requires impairments from two domains: social reciprocity and restricted or stereotyped behaviors or interests (Mandy et al. 2012; APA 2013).”
InfluentialSeeing the forest and the trees: Disentangling autism phenotypes in the age of DSM-5
Volkmar, F. R., Woodbury‐Smith, M., Macari, S. L., & Øien, R. A. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420002047 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lai, K. Y. C., Leung, P. W. L., Mo, F. Y. M., Lee, M. M. C., Shea, C. K., Chan, G. F. C., Che, K. K. I., Luk, E., Mak, A. D. P., Warrington, R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2284-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Although DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association 1994) did not support a co-morbid diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ASD, the presence of autistic difficulties (such as difficulties in social relationships, pragmatic language use and theory of mind) in children with ADHD, and of ADHD sy…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationSinger, E. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/491s12a · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zauche, L. H., Mahoney, A. D., & Higgins, M. K. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2017.04.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chawarska, K., Macari, S. L., Volkmar, F. R., Kim, S. H., & Shic, F. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118911389.hautc05 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Samadi, S. A., McConkey, R., & Mahmoodizadeh, A. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320974558 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Furthermore, this aligns with the DSM-5 criteria that modified the former triad of impairment into a dyad by merging the social interaction and communication domains into one (Mandy et al., 2012) In addition, however, verbal items within the communication section of ADI-R formed a distinct factor in our analyses, wher…”
BackgroundMethodLumpers and Splitters: Who Knows? Who Cares?
LEVENTHAL, B. L. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.009 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Maternal and Neonatal Birth Factors Affecting the Age of ASD Diagnosis
Mahoney, A. D., Minter, B., Higgins, M. K., Guo, Y., Zauche, L. H., & Hirst, J. R. (2016) · Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews · doi:10.1053/j.nainr.2016.09.033 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Brief Report: Cognitive Performance in Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome: What are the Differences?
Taddei, S., & Contena, B. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1828-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Assessing the heterogeneity of autism spectrum symptoms in a school population
Morales‐Hidalgo, P., Ferrando, P. J., & Canals, J. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1964 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Relationships, Sexuality, and Intimacy in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Maria, R., Hartmann, K., Stephen, I., Polychronopoulos, G. B., & Dorbi, V. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/53954 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The two core symptom domains of DSM-5, whose se‐ verity can vary along a continuum, were validated independently and include 1) impaired social communication and interaction (SCI), and 2) restricted, repetitive behavior (RRB) [3,4].”
BackgroundGaze-based Screening of Autistic Traits for Adolescents and Young Adults using Prosaic Videos
Ahuja, K., Bose, A., Jain, M., Dey, K., Joshi, A., Achary, K., Varkey, B., Harrison, C., & Goel, M. (2020) · ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (COMPASS) · doi:10.1145/3378393.3402242 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“We chose the DSM-IV over DSM-V [29] as many of the participants had already been evaluated under the DSM-IV protocol in the past.”
MethodJobs, E. N., Bölte, S., & Falck‐Ytter, T. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-03867-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and behaviorally characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction (SCI) and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs; Guthrie et al. 2013; Mandy et al. 2012; American Psychiatric Association 2013).”
BackgroundDSM-5 and Proposed Changes to the Diagnosis of Autism
Lohr, W. D., & Tanguay, P. E. (2013) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00904481-20130326-12 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mandy, W. P. L., Charman, T., & Skuse, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-50
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084245469
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 12.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Science Foundation
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, construct validity, social communication, restricted and repetitive behaviors, sensory disturbances, DSM-IV-TR, factor structure, children and adolescents, autism symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Phenotype, Severity of Illness Index, Models, Statistical, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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