Validation of Proposed DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Objective The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of proposed DSM-5 criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Method We analyzed symptoms from 14,744 siblings (8,911 ASD; 5,863 non-ASD) included in a national registry, the Interactive Autism Network. Youth aged 2–18 were included if at least one child in the family was diagnosed with ASD. Caregivers reported symptoms using the Social Responsiveness Scale and the Social Communication Questionnaire. The structure of autism symptoms was examined using latent variable models that included categories, dimensions, or hybrid models specifying categories and sub-dimensions. Diagnostic efficiency statistics evaluated the proposed DSM-5 algorithm in identifying ASD. Results A hybrid model that included both a category (ASD vs. non-ASD) and two symptom dimensions (social communication/interaction and restricted/repetitive behaviors) was more parsimonious than all other models and replicated across measures and sub-samples. Empirical classifications from this hybrid model closely mirrored clinical ASD diagnoses (90% overlap), implying a broad ASD category distinct from non-ASD. DSM-5 criteria had superior specificity relative to DSM-IV-TR criteria (.97 vs. .86), however sensitivity was lower (.81 vs. .95). Relaxing DSM-5 criteria by requiring one less symptom criterion increased sensitivity (.93 vs. .81), with minimal reduction in specificity (.95 vs. .97). Conclusions Results supported the validity of proposed DSM-5 criteria for ASD as provided in Phase I field trials criteria. Increased specificity of DSM-5 relative to DSM-IV-TR may reduce false positive diagnoses, a particularly relevant consideration for low base rate clinical settings. Phase II testing of DSM-5 should consider a relaxed algorithm, without which as many as 12% of ASD-affected individuals, particularly females, will be missed. Relaxed DSM-5 criteria may improve identification of ASD, decreasing societal costs through appropriate early diagnosis and maximizing intervention resources.
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The updated factor structure of symptomatology, compared to the previous three-domain model, resulted in increased sensitivity with minimal reduction in specificity.
“The updated factor structure of symptomatology, compared to the previous three-domain model, resulted in increased sensitivity with minimal reduction in specificity (Frazier et al. 2012).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Frazier et al. 2012
The Results (DSM-IV-TR vs. DSM-5, Aim 2) report the opposite comparison: proposed DSM-5 criteria had lower sensitivity and higher specificity than DSM-IV-TR criteria. The increase in sensitivity with minimal loss of specificity applied to relaxing the DSM-5 symptom requirement, not to replacing the previous three-domain model. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe SRS-2A quantifies severity of autistic characteristics and can be used to monitor symptoms throughout the life span.
“The measure quantifies severity of autistic characteristics and can be used to monitor symptoms throughout the life span (Frazier et al. 2012).”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty for Autistic Adults: A Single Case Experimental Design Study. (2018) · cites this paper as Frazier et al. 2012
The Method > Measures section says the SRS quantitatively assesses the severity of autism traits. It does not identify the measure as the SRS-2A or say it can monitor symptoms throughout the life span; Results > Sample Characteristics describes SRS data from youth, not a lifespan sample. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAn investigation of large datasets that included multiple questions about behavior indicated that few children with any former PDD diagnosis (including PDD-NOS) would fail to meet ASD criteria.
“An investigation of large datasets that included multiple questions about behavior, such as the ADI-R or the Social Responsiveness Scale (Constantino & Gruber 2005), indicated that few children with any former PDD diagnosis (including PDD-NOS) would fail to meet ASD criteria (Frazier et al. 2012, Huerta et al. 2012).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Frazier et al. 2012
The Sample Characteristics results describe a large dataset with SRS and SCQ symptom data, and the DSM-IV-TR vs. DSM-5 results report that the proposed criteria identified many ASD cases. But the paper says DSM-5 sensitivity was lower than DSM-IV-TR sensitivity and that relaxing the DSM-5 criteria would capture an additional 11–12% of ASD cases. It does not establish that few children across every former diagnosis, including PDD-NOS, would fail to meet the proposed criteria. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere have been very few studies that have looked at the concordance between the diagnostic criteria for ASD.
“there have been very few studies [21][22][23] which have looked at the concordance between the criteria.”
Retrospective analyses of large ASD data repositories indicate that the majority of individuals with DSM-IV PDD will continue to meet criteria for ASD under DSM-5.
“Retrospective analyses of large ASD data repositories indicate that the majority of individuals with DSM-IV PDD will continue to meet criteria for ASD under DSM-5, but prospective studies are needed to understand how diagnoses of ASD and social (pragmatic) communication disorder, as well as new ASD specifiers, modifiers, and severity ratings, will function in practice.”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Frazier et al. 2012
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“Identifying the latent structure of autism also acilitates the design and analysis of future reearch.(30,31) If the latent structure of autism is categorical, then traditional group comparison research is optimized if individuals are accurately sorted into ASD and non-ASD groups.”
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“Therefore, FM models were estimated with two factors separating social and autism mannerism variables.(28) The two-factor/three-class FM model fit slightly better than all other models.”
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“Similarly, most studies of ASD symptoms and cognitive processes have identified only quantitative distinctions among DSM-IV disorders.(7,24,25) It is possible that both viewpoints are correct, and that categorical and dimensional aspects of autism symptoms should be considered in the conceptualization of ASD.”
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“Identifying the latent structure of autism also acilitates the design and analysis of future reearch.(30,31) If the latent structure of autism is categorical, then traditional group comparison research is optimized if individuals are accurately sorted into ASD and non-ASD groups.”
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“This was consistent with the prediction of only a small proportion of non-ASD siblings having ASD and should be viewed in light of suggestions from the empirical literature that small base rates such as this may be overestimated.(52) Figure 1 also presents ASD and non-ASD class means and standard deviations for SRS so…”
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“owever, caregiver report is often a crucial asect of a thorough diagnostic evaluation and it is ometimes difficult to elicit accurate historical nformation for early-life ASD symptoms.(54) Thus, assessment approaches that lean heavily on caregiver-report in determining ASD may benefit from relaxing of DSM-5 Phase I Fi…”
BackgroundBrief Report: Autistic Traits in Twins Vs. Non-Twins?A Preliminary Study
Ho, A., Todd, R. D., & Constantino, J. N. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1040-8 · Cited by 46 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Also compelling are possible genetic heterogeneity of symptom domains(13,14) and the substantial variability of autism symptoms among identical twins.(15,16) This evidence points toward the need to include a dimensional conceptualization of autism symptoms in its diagnosis.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAutistic Conditions in Early Childhood: A Survey in Middlesex
Wing, J. K., O'Connor, N., & Lotter, V. (1967) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5562.389 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Emergenesis: Genetic traits that may not run in families.
Lykken, D. T., McGue, M. K., Tellegen, A., et al. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.47.12.1565 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
How Continua Converge in Nature: Cognition, Social Competence, and Autistic Syndromes
Constantino, J. N. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318193069e · Cited by 27 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, no distinct ASD category is present).(8) This perspective is supported by the observations from population and family studies of a broad distribution of observed autism symptoms in the population,(9) elevated levels of autism traits in siblings and other family members of affected cases,(10,11) and shifting toward g…”
ResultSelf-citationRutter, M. L. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity.
Kapp, S. K., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Sherman, L. E., & Hutman, T. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028353 · Cited by 1,263 · see citing works
Robertson, C. E., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.112 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
Hus, V., Gotham, K., & Lord, C. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1719-1 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
“Several initial studies support these proposed changes (Frazier et al. 2012; Huerta et al. in press, Mandy et al. 2012, though see Mattila et al. 2011 and McPartland et al. 2012).”
DSM-5 and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): an opportunity for identifying ASD subtypes
Grzadzinski, R., Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2013) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-12 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“Researchers should therefore consider both the quality and quantity of specific ASD symptoms across social-communication and RRBs, as these may provide useful constructs to define ASD subgroups.”
BackgroundInfluentialSubgrouping the Autism Spectrum: Reflections on DSM-5
Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2013) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001544 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
“A series of studies testing the initial [5] and revised draft ASD criteria [6–12] showed increased specificity but decreased sensitivity of the DSM-5 draft compared to DSM-IV, and suggested relaxation of the threshold (e.g., fewer numbers of required symptom subdomains) to achieve reasonable…”
Huerta, M., Bishop, S. L., Duncan, A., Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020276 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
“(11), requiring one less subdomain from either domain, with either the parent or clinical report, provided the best balance of sensitivity and specificity, although specificity remained low.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond
Rosen, N. E., Lord, C., & Volkmar, F. R. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04904-1 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Mason, D., Ingham, B., Urbanowicz, A., Michael, C., Birtles, H., Woodbury-Smith, M., Brown, T., James, I., Scarlett, C., Nicolaidis, C., et al. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04049-2 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Potential Impact of<i>DSM-5</i>Criteria on Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence Estimates
Maenner, M. J., Rice, C. E., Arneson, C. L., Cunniff, C., Schieve, L. A., Carpenter, L. A., Van Naarden Braun, K., Kirby, R. S., Bakian, A. V., & Durkin, M. S. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3893 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“Similar to the findings of 3 other studies, 23,26,41 relaxing the DSM-5 criteria to require 1 fewer (in either domain) included almost all children (96.1”
InfluentialFrom Kanner to DSM-5: Autism as an Evolving Diagnostic Concept
Volkmar, F. R., & McPartland, J. C. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153710 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Georgiades, S., Szatmari, P., Boyle, M., Hanna, S., Duku, E., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Fombonne, E., Volden, J., Mirenda, P., et al. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02588.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“Interestingly, Frazier et al. (2012) noted that ‘The two-factor/three-class FM model fit slightly better than all other models.”
BackgroundInfluentialFrazier, T. W., Ratliff, K. R., Gruber, C., Zhang, Y., Law, P. A., & Constantino, J. N. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313500382 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“Using quantitative data from the Interactive Autism Network (IAN) National Volunteer Register, Frazier et al. (2012) demonstrated the ability of two empirically separable yet highly correlated factors (recapitulating the two DSM-5 criterion sets defining ASD) to jointly differentiate children…”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationRecent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112745 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“…large datasets that included multiple questions about behavior, such as the ADI-R or the Social Responsiveness Scale (Constantino & Gruber 2005), indicated that few children with any former PDD diagnosis (including PDD-NOS) would fail to meet ASD criteria (Frazier et al. 2012, Huerta et al. 2012).”
BackgroundKim, Y. S., Fombonne, E. J., Koh, Y., Kim, S., Cheon, K.-A. A., & LEVENTHAL, B. L. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.021 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Defining Dimensions and Subgroups
Ousley, O., & Cermak, T. (2013) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-013-0003-1 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Exploring the ‘fractionation’ of autism at the cognitive level
Brunsdon, V. E. A., & Happe, F. G. E. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313499456 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Brunsdon and Happé 25 repetitive behaviours (e.g. compulsions) in ASD. Furthermore, inhibitory control was unrelated to social and communication symptoms, or sensorimotor behaviours. The same pattern was found for the EF domain of set-shifting; Yerys et al. (2009) reported a significant correlation between set-shiftin…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGenetic correlates of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism
Warrier, V., Zhang, X., Reed, P., Havdahl, A., Moore, T. M., Cliquet, F., Leblond, C. S., Rolland, T., Rosengren, A., LEAP, E.-A., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01072-5 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Gibbs, V., Aldridge, F., Chandler, F., Witzlsperger, E., & Smith, K. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1560-6 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Similarly, Frazier et al. (2012) found similar sensitivity and improved specificity for proposed DSM-5 criteria compared to current DSM-IV-TR.”
Autism in DSM-5: progress and challenges
Volkmar, F. R., & Reichow, B. (2013) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-13 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Frazier and colleagues evaluated proposed DSM-5 criteria in a large sample of siblings (some with ASD and others without ASD) [21].”
BackgroundInfluentialSymptoms of autism and ADHD: A Swedish twin study examining their overlap.
Ronald, A., Larsson, H., Anckarsäter, H. S., & Lichtenstein, P. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036088 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
van Rentergem, J. A. A., Deserno, M. K., & Geurts, H. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102033 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Van Eylen, L., Boets, B., Steyaert, J., Wagemans, J., & Noens, I. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0689-1 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“[49] demonstrated that a two-factor model, dividing SRS social and autistic mannerisms scales consistent with DSM-5 ‘social communication/interaction’ and RRBIs domains, best explains the variance in SRS scores.”
BackgroundA twin study of heritable and shared environmental contributions to autism
Frazier, T. W., Thompson, L., Youngstrom, E. A., Law, P., Hardan, A. Y., Eng, C., & Morris, N. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2081-2 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, I. C., Reichow, B., & Volkmar, F. R. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2423-8 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“…included data regarding the number of individuals who would receive a DSM-5 diagnosis if the criteria as published were ‘‘relaxed’’ (Barton et al. 2013; Frazier et al. 2012; Mayes et al. 2013, 2014; McPartland et al. 2012), most often in the form of requiring two of three criteria in the social…”
BackgroundInfluentialRomero, M., Aguilar, J. M., Del-Rey-Mejías, Á., Mayoral, F., Rapado, M., Peciña, M., Barbancho, M. Á., Ruiz-Veguilla, M., & Lara, J. P. (2016) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2016.03.001 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Previous studies have supported the hypothesis of the DSM-5 could significantly improve the specificity at the expense of loss sensitivity in ASD (APA, 2013; Frazier et al., 2012; Grzadzinski et al., 2013; Wing, Gould, & Gillberg, 2011).”
The Autism Impact Measure (AIM): Initial development of a new tool for treatment outcome measurement
Kanne, S. M., Mazurek, M. O., Sikora, D., Bellando, J., Branum-Martin, L., Handen, B., Katz, T., Freedman, B., Powell, M. P., & Warren, Z. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1862-3 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Gibson, J., Adams, C., Lockton, E., & Green, J. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12079 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Hollingdale, J., Woodhouse, E., Young, S., Fridman, A., & Mandy, W. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002368 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“These conditions share common genetic aetiologies (Frazier et al., 2012; Mahjouri and Lord, 2012) and symptoms of ASD can change over time, leading to potential movement between diagnostic categories (Lord et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSensitivity and Specificity of Proposed DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Toddlers
Barton, M. L., Robins, D. L., Jashar, D., Brennan, L., & Fein, D. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1817-8 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Validating the social responsiveness scale for adults with autism
Chan, W., DaWalt, L. S., Hong, J., Greenberg, J. S., & Seltzer, M. M. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1813 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental heterogeneity and computational approaches for understanding autism
Jacob, S., Wolff, J. J., Steinbach, M. S., Doyle, C. B., Kumar, V., & Elison, J. T. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0390-0 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“For example, the three domains of language communication, social de fi cits, and restrictive/repetitive behaviors were subsumed into two functional sub-areas of social communication and restrictive/repetitive behaviors 13,14 .”
BackgroundComparison of ICD-10R, DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 in an Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic Clinic
Wilson, C. E., Gillan, N., Spain, D., Robertson, D., Roberts, G., Murphy, C. M., Maltezos, S., Zinkstok, J., Johnston, K., Dardani, C., et al. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1799-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…reporting that the specificity of the proposed DSM-5 criteria is good, but sensitivity is relatively poor, when judged against current ICD-10R or DSM-IV-TR criteria (Frazier et al. 2012; Matson et al. 2012; Mattila et al. 2011; McPartland et al. 2012; Taheri and Perry 2012; Worley and Matson 2012).”
BackgroundBaghdadli, A., Russet, F., & Mottron, L. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.009 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
INCLEN diagnostic tool for autism spectrum disorder (INDT-ASD): Development and validation
Inclen Study Group, Juneja, M., Mishra, D., Russell, P. S. S., Gulati, S., Deshmukh, V., Tudu, P., Sagar, R., Silberberg, D. H., Bhutani, V. K., et al. (2014) · Indian Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s13312-014-0417-9 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“INDIAN PEDIATRICS 359 VOLUME 51__MAY 15, 2014 Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) have supported a 2symptom cluster model [4,5] of varying severity.”
BackgroundHow Does Relaxing the Algorithm for Autism Affect DSM-V Prevalence Rates?
Matson, J. L., Hattier, M. A., & Williams, L. W. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1582-0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Frazier et al. (2012) conclude that phase II testing of DSM-5 should consider a relaxed algorithm, which may improve specificity of ASD identification over the DSM-IV-TR without missing as many affected individuals as the unmodified proposal.”
Severity of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Conceptualization, and Transition to DSM-5
Mehling, M. H., & Tassé, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2731-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Dougherty, J. D., Maloney, S. E., Wozniak, D. F., Rieger, M. A., Sonnenblick, L. I., Coppola, G., Mahieu, N. G., Zhang, J., Cai, J., Patti, G. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4762-12.2013 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Brief Report: Comparability of DSM-IV and DSM-5 ASD Research Samples
Mazefsky, C. A., McPartland, J. C., Gastgeb, H. Z., & Minshew, N. J. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1665-y · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Excellent specificity has been found with these criteria (e.g. Frazier et al. 2012; Mattila et al. 2011; McPartland et al. 2012).”
BackgroundCampisi, L., Imran, N., Nazeer, A., Skokauskas, N., & Azeem, M. W. (2018) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldy026 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“It is however important to note before the publication of DSM-5, there was a growing consensus among clinicians that subcategories of pervasive developmental disorders in DSM IV cannot be reliably diagnosed.(9,13) Thus, despite the concerns of being a stringent criteria, efforts to conceptualize autism as a broad spec…”
Castelbaum, L., Sylvester, C. M., Zhang, Y., Yu, Q., & Constantino, J. N. (2019) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-019-09987-2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationNeggers, Y. H. (2014) · ISRN Nutrition · doi:10.1155/2014/514026 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Though it is established that autism is a multifactorial condition involving both genetic and a wide range of environmental risk factors, many recently emerging factors such as de novo gene mutation and potentially modifiable nutritional risk factors have not been studied extensively [3–5].”
BackgroundClassification of autism and related conditions: progress, challenges, and opportunities
Volkmar, F., Reichow, B., & McPartland, J. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.3/fvolkmar · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Evans, S. C., Boan, A. D., Bradley, C. C., & Carpenter, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1437734 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…compelling and copious evidence from a variety of ASD measures (e.g., Frazier & Hardan, 2017; Frazier, Youngstrom, Kubu, Sinclair, & Rezai, 2008; Frazier et al., 2012; Mandy, Charman, et al., 2012) supports the two-domain framework that was codified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChannell, M. M., Phillips, B. A., Loveall, S. J., Conners, F. A., Bussanich, P. M., & Klinger, L. G. (2015) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-7-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Although the SRS was published prior to the changes in ASD diagnostic criteria set forth in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), Fifth Edition [6], the SRS items map on to both the social communication and repetitive behaviors/restricted interests domains of the new two-factor structure [28].”
MethodDiagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder: who will get a DSM‐5 diagnosis?
Kent, R. G., Carrington, S. J., Couteur, A. S. L., Gould, J., Wing, L., Maljaars, J., Noens, I. L. J., van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I., & Leekam, S. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12085 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“In published studies, the number of items or behaviours included in each subdomain has varied, for example from three to 13 (Frazier et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDrug development for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Progress, challenges, and future directions
McCracken, J. T., Anagnostou, E. A., Arango, C., Dawson, G., Farchione, T. R., Mantua, V., McPartland, J. C., Murphy, D., Pandina, G., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.05.010 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Noordhof, A., Krueger, R. F., Ormel, J., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Hartman, C. A. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9923-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“, Constantino 2011) representations of this symptom domain, and was validated by two recent studies (Frazier et al. 2012; Mandy, Charman, and Skuse 2012).”
BackgroundMethodKim, H., Keifer, C. M., Rodriguez-Seijas, C. A., Eaton, N. R., Lerner, M. D., & Gadow, K. D. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.431 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Neural Connectivity Evidence for a Categorical-Dimensional Hybrid Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Elton, A., Di Martino, A., Hazlett, H. C., & Gao, W. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.020 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Exploring the Proposed DSM-5 Criteria in a Clinical Sample
Taheri, A., & Perry, A. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1599-4 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Genetically meaningful phenotypic subgroups in autism spectrum disorders
Veatch, O. J., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M., Potter, M. H., Pericak‐Vance, M. A., & Haines, J. L. (2013) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12117 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“In fact, the change in criteria between the DSM-IV to the new DSM5 was motivated by the lack of empirical data supporting separate disorders within the autism spectrum, highlighting the need for practical approaches to identifying phenotypic subgroups even within more refined diagnostic categories (Frazier et al. 2012…”
BackgroundMoseley, R. L., & Friedemann Pulvermüller, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.019 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Reconceptualizing developmental language disorder as a spectrum disorder: issues and evidence
Lancaster, H. S., & Camarata, S. (2018) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12433 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…a continuum/spectrum model, has emerged as a useful (and valid) model in several other neurodevelopmental disorder populations such as learning disability (LD), ADHD (Mayes et al. 2000) and autism (ASD; Frazier et al. 2012), which were initially viewed as subtypes and/or individual differences.”
BackgroundInfluentialMayes, S. D., Black, A., & Tierney, C. D. (2013) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.08.011 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Sub-dimensions of social-communication impairment in autism spectrum disorder
Bishop, S., Havdahl, K. A., Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12510 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Commentary from the DSM-5 Workgroup on Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Swedo, S. E., Baird, G., Cook, E. H., Happé, F. G., Harris, J. C., Kaufmann, W. E., King, B. H., Lord, C. E., Piven, J., Rogers, S. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.013 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Characterizing severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: An empirical approach
Wildes, J. E., Forbush, K. T., Hagan, K. E., Marcus, M. D., Attia, E., Gianini, L. M., & Wu, W. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22651 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“SEMM has been used to examine the latent structure of psychiatric diagnoses (Conway, Hammen, & Brennan, 2012; Frazier et al., 2012; Gillespie, Neale, Legrand, Iacono, & McGue, 2012; Lubke et al., 2007; McBride, Teesson, Baillie, & Slade, 2011; Muthen, 2006), including eating disorders (Keel et al.”
Embedded Figures Test Performance in the Broader Autism Phenotype: A Meta-analysis
Cribb, S. J., Olaithe, M., Lorenzo, R. D., Dunlop, P. D., & Maybery, M. T. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2832-3 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Tillmann, J., Uljarević, M., Crawley, D., Dumas, G., Loth, E., Murphy, D., Buitelaar, J. K., Charman, T., the AIMS-2-TRIALS LEAP group, Ahmad, J., et al. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00367-w · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Murray, A. L., Booth, T., McKenzie, K., Kuenssberg, R., & O’Donnell, M. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1851-6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“This hypothesis has been addressed by examining the latent distribution of ASD measures across those with and without ASD using taxometric or latent class analysis methods, with the evidence at present pointing to ASD as a distinct category from ALTs (Frazier et al., 2010; Frazier et al., 2012).”
MethodWhat the DSM-5 Portends for Research, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Mahjouri, S., & Lord, C. E. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0327-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“[52]”
The influence of parental concern on the utility of autism diagnostic instruments
Havdahl, K. A., Bishop, S. L., Surén, P., Øyen, A., Lord, C., Pickles, A., von Tetzchner, S., Schjølberg, S., Gunnes, N., Hornig, M., et al. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1817 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“These three DSM-IV-TR subcategories of ASD have been found to be well accounted for by a single ASD category [Frazier et al., 2012].”
BackgroundReview of Factor Analytic Studies Examining Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Shuster, J., Perry, A., Bebko, J. M., & Toplak, M. E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1854-3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…scale) 1 (Lecavalier et al. 2009) Social, communication, and RRBI Social Communication Questionnaire (Rutter et al. 2003; parent rating scale) 1 (Frazier et al. 2012) Social, communication, and RRBI Studies with a subset of DSM-IV symptoms Autism Diagnostic Interview- Revised (Lord et al. 1994;…”
InfluentialPathological Demand Avoidance: symptoms but not a syndrome
Green, J., Absoud, M., Grahame, V., Malik, O., Simonoff, E. A., Couteur, A. S. L., & Baird, G. (2018) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30044-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Phthalate mixtures in pregnancy, autistic traits, and adverse childhood behavioral outcomes
Day, D. B., Collett, B. R., Barrett, E. S., Bush, N. R., Swan, S. H., Nguyen, R. H. N., Szpiro, A. A., & Sathyanarayana, S. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106330 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The SRS-2 provides a total composite score indicating social communication deficits and restrictive behaviors that can be used to screen for autism (Frazier et al. 2012) or to capture broader variation in social impairment across unaffected samples (Constantino and Gruber 2012).”
BackgroundYoung, R. L., & Rodi, M. L. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1927-3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Murray, M. J., Pearl, A. M., Black, A., & Tierney, C. D. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.11.002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tilot, A. K., Bebek, G., Niazi, F., Altemus, J. B., Romigh, T., Frazier, T. W., & Eng, C. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.17 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationEylen, L. V., Boets, B., Steyaert, J. G., Wagemans, J. P., & Noens, I. L. J. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2526-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“In line with this, Frith and Happé (1994) proposed that superior local processing is inherently related to reduced global processing.”
Comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 Factor Structure Models for Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Guthrie, W., Swineford, L. B., Wetherby, A. M., & Lord, C. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“A 2-factor structure in general 16–18 and the DSM-5 model in particular 10,11 have received initial empirical support in children using primarily parent-interview measures.”
InfluentialA Concise History of Asperger Syndrome: The Short Reign of a Troublesome Diagnosis
Barahona-Corrêa, B., & Filipe, C. N. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02024 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Moreover, there are concerns that the new definition of ASD is too restrictive and will exclude many patients with AS from access to specialized treatment (Frazier et al., 2012; McPartland et al., 2012; Mayes et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMandy, W., Charman, T., Puura, K., & Skuse, D. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313508026 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“These findings accord with reports of CFA in Englishspeaking clinical samples, which have shown that ASD is better conceptualised as a dyad, than as a single factor or triad, and that this dyad is constituted of distinct but related social communication and RSB factors (Frazier et al., 2012; Gotham et al., 2007; Mandy…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRodgers, J., Herrema, R., Honey, E., & Freeston, M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3550-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The measure quantifies severity of autistic characteristics and can be used to monitor symptoms throughout the life span (Frazier et al. 2012).”
The Relationship between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Melatonin during Fetal Development
Jin, Y., Choi, J., Won, J., & Hong, Y. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23010198 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The fifth revised version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) combined specific diagnoses and suggested the single broad ASD diagnosis [58].”
BackgroundJoshi, G., Wozniak, J. R., Fitzgerald, M., Faraone, S. V., Fried, R. S., Galdo, M., Furtak, S. L., Conroy, K., Kilcullen, J. R., Belser, A. H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3542-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The ASD diagnoses were based on DSM-IV, and as a minority of the ASD were of the PDD-NOS subtype, most of the ASD subjects with ASD diagnoses were of autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder subtype will still meet diagnostic criteria in the DSM-V as suggested by literature on diagnostic stability between the two DSM…”
MethodEffects of ABRACADABRA literacy instruction on children with autism spectrum disorder.
Bailey, B., Arciuli, J., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000138 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Wu, D., Wen, X., Han, X., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Shen, M., Fan, S., Zhuang, J., Li, M., Hu, B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.3326 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“In the outpatient follow-up, the Autism Diagnostic InterviewRevised (ADI-R)((13)) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 criteria((14)) were used to confirm a diagnosis of ASDs.”
MethodMazurek, M. O., Lu, F., Symecko, H., Butter, E., Bing, N. M., Hundley, R. J., Poulsen, M., Kanne, S. M., Macklin, E. A., & Handen, B. L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3200-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“in an early examination of draft DSM-5 criteria; particularly that females with DSMIV diagnosed ASD were disproportionately affected by diagnostic changes (Frazier et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodEapen, V., Črnčec, R., & Walter, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00567 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Related work by the same group yielded similar results and provided broad support for DSM5 ASD criteria (Frazier et al., 2012).”
ResultAutism-Related Variation in Reciprocal Social Behavior: A Longitudinal Study
Wagner, R. E., Zhang, Y., Gray, T., Abbacchi, A. M., Cormier, D., Todorov, A. A., & Constantino, J. N. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13170 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…have established that these two subdomains encompass a unitary factor structure (Constantino et al., 2004), with the exception of one analysis of 14,744 subjects, which suggested a minimally better fit for a two-factor structure (Frazier et al., 2012, the two factors being highly intercorrelated).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFactor Structure of Autistic Traits in Children with ADHD
Martin, J., Hamshere, M., O'Donovan, M., Rutter, M., & Thapar, A. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1865-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…to a dyad (social-communication deficits and RRBs) of SCQ social communication questionnaire, EFA exploratory factor analysis, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder * Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) symptom types in the DSM-5 (Frazier et al. 2012; Mandy et al. 2012).”
MethodResultInfluentialHou, Y., Stewart, L., Iao, L., & Wu, C. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12471 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“There has been evidence suggesting that parents of children with ASD report more mental health problems, such as depressive symptoms, than parents of children without ASD (Benson, 2006; Gau et al., 2012; Lai, Goh, Oei, & Sung, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialHuang, T., Yen, T., Qiu, L. R., Chuang, H., Lerch, J. P., & Hsueh, Y. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0257-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Jin, Z., Yang, Y., Liu, S., Huang, H., & Jin, X. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3507-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Frazier and colleagues (Frazier et al. 2012) evaluated the validity of DSM-5 criteria with respect to ASD by analyzing the symptoms of 14,744 siblings (8911 ASD and 5863 controls) enrolled in a national registry.”
BackgroundSmith, I. N., Thacker, S., Jaini, R., & Eng, C. (2018) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2018.1465854 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“ASD is a relatively common, highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by social impairment and restricted, repetitive behavior (Frazier et al., 2012; Freitag, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationComparing Diagnostic Outcomes of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 Criteria
Harstad, E. B., Fogler, J., Sideridis, G. D., Weas, S., Mauras, C. P., & Barbaresi, W. J. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2306-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Wright, S. D., Wright, S. D., Brooks, D., D’Astous, V., & Grandin, T. (2013) · Autism Insights · doi:10.4137/aui.s11072 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Bergmann, T. J., Sappok, T., Diefenbacher, A., Dames, S., Heinrich, M., Ziegler, M. D., & Dziobek, I. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.05.011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Evolution in the Understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Historical Perspective
Mintz, M. (2016) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-016-2080-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Peterson, D. J., Mahajan, R., Crocetti, D., Mejia, A. F., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1413 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“AD and AS were merged into a single HF-ASD group, in line with the new DSM-5 criteria for ASD as these do not represent distinct clinical entities [Frazier et al., 2012; Kamp-Becker et al., 2010; Macintosh & Dissanayake, 2004; Verté, Geurts, Roeyers, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2006].”
Treating clients with Asperger’s syndrome and autism
Woods, A. G., Mahdavi, E., & Ryan, J. P. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-32 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), including Asperger’s syndrome (AS), have been by the presence of a “triad” of impairments: 1) social deficits, 2) repetitive/stereotypical behaviors and interests and 3) communication difficulties [1].”
ResultInfluentialDemographic and clinical correlates of autism symptom domains and autism spectrum diagnosis
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Embacher, R., Hardan, A. Y., Constantino, J. N., Law, P., Findling, R. L., & Eng, C. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313481506 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Sensitivity analyses—Follow-up sensitivity analyses examined whether the pattern of results differed when using empirically derived diagnostic classifications (Frazier et al., 2012) as an alternative diagnostic criterion to caregiver-reported ASD diagnosis.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationFoley-Nicpon, M., L. Fosenburg, S., G. Wurster, K., & Assouline, S. G. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2973-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder: In search of essential behaviours for diagnosis
Carrington, S. J., Kent, R. G., Maljaars, J., Couteur, A. S. L., Gould, J., Wing, L., Noens, I. L. J., van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I., & Leekam, S. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.03.017 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Greaves‐Lord, K., Eussen, M. L. J. M., Verhulst, F. C., Minderaa, R. B., Mandy, W., Hudziak, J. J., Steenhuis, M., de Nijs, P. F. A., & Hartman, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1724-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The proposed DSM-5 criteria have been subjected to various empirical examinations (e.g. McPartland et al. 2012; Mandy et al. 2012; Frazier et al. 2012) and have attracted large media attention (e.”
Kelly, R. L., O’Malley, M.-P., & Antonijević, S. (2018) · Child Language Teaching and Therapy · doi:10.1177/0265659018806754 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Within DSM-V, ASD is best represented by a two dimensional model including socialcommunication deficit and restricted and repetitive behaviours/interests (RRBI) (Fraizer et al., 2012; Mandy and Skuse, 2008).”
Couteur, A. S. L., & Szatmári, P. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch51 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Impact of DSM-5 on epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Tsai, L. Y. (2014) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.07.016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Empathizing with sensory and movement differences: moving toward sensitive understanding of autism
Kapp, S. K. (2013) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00038 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Similarly, atypical social distance (personal space; Frazier et al., 2012) may stem from problems sensing and orienting to one’s body in space (Blanche et al.”
BackgroundOpinions of People Who Self-Identify With Autism and Asperger’s on DSM-5 Criteria
Linton, K. F., Krcek, T. E., Sensui, L. M., & Spillers, J. L. H. (2013) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731513495457 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…indicated that some people with current diagnoses of AD, AS, and PDD-NOS may not fit criteria for ASD, and the DSM-5 increases specificity, but decreases sensitivity according to research (Frazier et al., 2012; Gibbs et al., 2012; Matson et al., 2012; Mayes et al., 2013; McPartland et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Speer, L., Embacher, R., Law, P., Constantino, J., Findling, R. L., Hardan, A. Y., & Eng, C.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frazier, Thomas W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28-40.e3
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3244681
- OpenAlex
- W2171533657
- Semantic Scholar
- e0326ac79d7a4fe999d61e5d758f7e308ece370e
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 22.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5kl2rr024990-05)
- National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR-024990, UL1RR024989)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD42541, R01HD042541)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, diagnostic validity, diagnostic algorithm, restricted and repetitive behaviors, false-positive diagnosis, siblings of autistic individuals, Social Responsiveness Scale, Social Communication Questionnaire, latent variable models
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Registries, Sensitivity and Specificity, United States, Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic, Siblings, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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