The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 33 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Patterns of sunscreen use on the face and other exposed skin among US adults
Open accessAbstract
Background Sunscreen is a common form of sun protection, but little is known about patterns of use.Objective We sought to assess patterns of sunscreen use on the face and other exposed skin among US adults.Methods Using cross-sectional data from the 2013 Summer ConsumerStyles survey (N = 4033), we calculated descriptive statistics and adjusted risk ratios to identify characteristics associated with regular sunscreen use (always/most of the time when outside on a warm sunny day for ≥1 hour).Results Few adults regularly used sunscreen on the face (men: 18.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 15.8-20.6; women: 42.6%, 95% CI 39.5-46.7), other exposed skin (men: 19.9%, 95% CI 17.5-22.6; women: 34.4%, 95% CI 31.5-37.5), or both the face and other exposed skin (men: 14.3%, 95% CI 12.3-16.6; women: 29.9%, 95% CI 27.2-32.8). Regular use was associated with sun-sensitive skin, an annual household income ≥$60,000, and meeting aerobic activity guidelines (Ps < .05). Nearly 40% of users were unsure if their sunscreen provided broad-spectrum protection.Limitations Reliance on self-report and lack of information on sunscreen reapplication or other sun-safety practices are limitations.Conclusion Sunscreen use is low, especially among certain demographic groups. These findings can inform sun-safety interventions and the interpretation of surveillance data on sunscreen use.
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Claims the paper makes
41 Own result · 9 Own method · 7 No full text of the sources · 6 Own interpretation · 5 Not checked yet · 3 Sources not found · 2 Supported · 2 Supported so far
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Sunscreen is a common form of sun protection used by US adults.1–4”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Buller, 2011, Prevalence of sunburn, sun protection, and indoor tanning behaviors among Americans: review from national surveys and case studies of 3 states, J Am Acad Dermatol source
The Discussion describes sunscreen as the most common sun-protection behavior. The Sun protection section reports that about 29–32% of US adults used sunscreen, supporting the claim that it is a common form of protection; page numbers are not provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked yetcites [2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, Sunburn and sun protective behaviors among adults aged 18-29 years–United States, 2000-2010, MMWR
- Supportedcites [3] Linos, 2011, Hat, shade, long sleeves, or sunscreen? Rethinking US sun protection messages based on their relative effectiveness, Cancer Causes Control source
The Results report that sunscreen was the most common sun-protection behavior among white adult Americans, with over 30% using it frequently. That supports the broad claim that sunscreen is a common form of sun protection used by US adults, though the study's sample was restricted to white adults. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked yetcites [4] National Cancer Institute. Cancer trends progress report – 2011/2012 update. Available from: URL: http://progressreport.cancer.gov/. Accessed September 2, 2014.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but almost 40% of users (face: 37.6%, 95% CI: 35.0, 40.3; other exposed skin: 38.6%, 95% CI: 36.0, 41.4) were not sure if their sunscreen provided broad spectrum protection.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the unadjusted analyses, regular sunscreen use on the face and on other exposed skin was associated with race/ethnicity among both men and women (all P values < 0.001; Table 2).”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among women only, those diagnosed with skin cancer in the past year were more likely to regularly use sunscreen on the face (P = 0.010)”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among sunscreen users, over 80% used a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher (Figure 2).”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Variation by age was observed among both men and women for regular sunscreen use on other exposed skin only (P values = 0.005 and 0.016 respectively).”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and current smokers were less likely to regularly use sunscreen on the face or on other exposed skin compared to non-smokers (all P values < 0.05).”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and regular use on other exposed skin varied significantly by region among women (P = 0.030).”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among women only, non-Hispanic blacks were significantly less likely to regularly use sunscreen on the face or other exposed skin compared to non-Hispanic whites (all P values < 0.05).”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About 60% used broad spectrum sunscreen (face: 60.6%, 95% CI: 57.8–63.2; other exposed skin: 59.4, 95% CI: 56.6, 62.1)”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“given previous findings that adults who are more physically active are more likely to experience sunburn.21”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [21] Holman, 2014, The association between demographic and behavioral characteristics and sunburn among U.S. adults - National Health Interview Survey, 2010, Prev Med source
The Results section reports a positive association between physical activity and adjusted sunburn prevalence (P < 0.001). Adults meeting both strength and aerobic activity guidelines had the highest reported prevalence (41.7%). (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The association between BMI and sunscreen use was consistent with other studies that have indicated higher BMI is positively associated with skin cancer risk behaviors27–28 and sunburn.21”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [27] Wheless, 2009, The association between skin characteristics and skin cancer prevention behaviors, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev source
The Results report that BMI was significantly inversely associated with sunscreen use in both genders, supporting the cited association between higher BMI and a skin cancer risk behavior. The sentence cites a different source for sunburn, so that part is not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [28] Coups, 2008, Multiple skin cancer risk behaviors in the U.S. population, Am J Prev Med source
The Age-Stratified Correlates section reports more skin cancer risk behaviors among overweight or obese individuals in several age groups, supporting the BMI association attributed to this source. The citing sentence attaches a separate citation (21) to the sunburn claim, so that claim is not assessed against this paper. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [21] Holman, 2014, The association between demographic and behavioral characteristics and sunburn among U.S. adults - National Health Interview Survey, 2010, Prev Med source
Citation 21 is attached to the sunburn association, not the claim about other skin cancer risk behaviors. The Results (page not provided) report that adjusted sunburn prevalence was positively associated with being overweight or obese among U.S. adults. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“For example, consistent with previous findings, this study suggests that sunscreen use is low among non-Hispanic blacks and those who tend not to sunburn.1, 2, 4”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Buller, 2011, Prevalence of sunburn, sun protection, and indoor tanning behaviors among Americans: review from national surveys and case studies of 3 states, J Am Acad Dermatol source
The “Sunburn and sun protection among racial minority groups” section reports sunscreen use of 9.1% among blacks and says sun protection was highest among people with the most sun-sensitive skin, including those more prone to sunburn. The “Sun protection” section also reports lower routine sunscreen use among blacks than among non-Hispanic whites. These findings support the cited sentence’s characterization of low use in both groups. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked yetcites [2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, Sunburn and sun protective behaviors among adults aged 18-29 years–United States, 2000-2010, MMWR
- Not checked yetcites [4] National Cancer Institute. Cancer trends progress report – 2011/2012 update. Available from: URL: http://progressreport.cancer.gov/. Accessed September 2, 2014.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those who met aerobic activity guidelines were significantly more likely to regularly use sunscreen than those who did not (all P values < 0.05), with the exception of male sunscreen use on other exposed skin (P = 0.056).”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas 19.9% (95% CI: 17.5–22.6) of men and 34.4% (95% CI: 31.5–37.5) of women regularly used sunscreen on other exposed skin”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and those who were overweight or obese were less likely to use sunscreen on the face or other exposed skin than their counterparts (all P values < 0.001).”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, 18.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.8–20.6) of men and 42.6% (95% CI: 39.5–46.7) of women regularly used sunscreen on the face”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, 18.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.8–20.6) of men and 42.6% (95% CI: 39.5–46.7) of women regularly used sunscreen on the face”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas 19.9% (95% CI: 17.5–22.6) of men and 34.4% (95% CI: 31.5–37.5) of women regularly used sunscreen on other exposed skin”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most were non-Hispanic white (67.4%) and had an annual household income of $40,000 or more (66.8%).”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resulting data were weighted using 9 factors: gender, age, household income, race/ethnicity, household size, education, census region, metro status, and prior internet access to be representative of the US population.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Data analysis
plainn = 4,033- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a study of media coverage on skin cancer prevention found more content about sunscreen than other recommended prevention strategies.5”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Cokkinides, 2012, A profile of skin cancer prevention media coverage in 2009, J Am Acad Dermatol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The survey was sent to 6,102 adults aged 18 years or older. A total of 4,033 adults completed the survey (answered at least half the questions), yielding a response rate of 66%.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Data analysis
plainn = 4,033- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Percentages were weighted to generalize results to the study population.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Participants are from the GfK (http://www.gfk.com/us/) Knowledge Panel13, which is randomly recruited by probability-based sampling using both random-digit dialing and address-based sampling methods to reach respondents regardless of landline phone or Internet availability.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Methods
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] GfK. GfK Knowledge Panel. Available from: URL: http://www.gfk.com/us/Solutions/consumer-panels/Pages/GfK-KnowledgePanel.aspx. Accessed September 4, 2014.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the variety of cosmetics on the market that are labeled as providing sun protection, sunscreen use on the face is likely to be distinct from use on other exposed skin, particularly among women.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Introduction
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration updated regulations on sunscreen labeling to help consumers select and properly use sunscreens.11”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Labeling and effectiveness testing; sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use. Federal Register 76(117): 21 CFR Parts 201 and 310. Available from: URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-06-17/pdf/2011-14766.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2014.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“and prevent or delay photoaging of the skin.8–10”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fisher, 2002, Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging, Arch Dermatol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Wlaschek, 2001, Solar UV irradiation and dermal photoaging, J Photochem Photobiol B source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Hughes, 2013, Sunscreen and prevention of skin aging: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, approximately one-third of adults usually or always use sunscreen when outdoors in the sun for one hour or more.4”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] National Cancer Institute. Cancer trends progress report – 2011/2012 update. Available from: URL: http://progressreport.cancer.gov/. Accessed September 2, 2014.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The survey included a question previously used on the NHIS12 which asks about the skin’s reaction to being “out in the sun for an hour without sunscreen, a hat, or protective clothing.””
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Other variables of interest
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health Interview Survey. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm. Accessed September 2, 2014.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“National surveys (e.g., NHIS12) have assessed sunscreen use among US adults but do not differentiate between use on the face versus other exposed skin and do not capture whether the sunscreen provides broad spectrum protection.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health Interview Survey. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm. Accessed September 2, 2014.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Sunscreen products that provide a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher and broad spectrum protection (i.e., protection from both ultraviolet A [UVA] and ultraviolet B [UVB] radiation) are labeled as protecting against sunburn, and, if used as directed, reducing the risk for skin cancer and early skin aging.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Labeling and effectiveness testing; sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use. Federal Register 76(117): 21 CFR Parts 201 and 310. Available from: URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-06-17/pdf/2011-14766.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2014.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similar to the Fitzpatrick scale,14 this variable measures sun sensitivity by assessing the skin’s tendency to burn, but the question also captures the severity of the burn.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Other variables of interest
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Fitzpatrick, 1988, The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI, Arch Dermatol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our analyses were considered exempt by CDC’s Institutional Review Board because we used secondary data and personal identifiers were not included in the data.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“If used properly, regular sunscreen use can reduce risk for skin cancer6, 7”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Green, 2011, Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up, J Clin Oncol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] van der Pols, 2006, Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calculations were performed with SAS-callable SUDAAN to account for the complex sampling design and non-response.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Men may view sunscreen as non-masculine, messy, or inconvenient,22, 23 and sunscreen ads target women more often than men.24,25”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Dadlani, 2008, Planning for a brighter future: a review of sun protection and barriers to behavioral change in children and adolescents, Dermatol Online J source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Courtenay, 2000, Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health, Soc Sci Med source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] George, 1996, Trends in photoprotection in American fashion magazines, 1983-1993. will fashion make you look old and ugly?, J Am Acad Dermatol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Lee, 2006, Sun care advertising in popular U.S. magazines, Am J Health Promot source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sunscreen use is particularly low among certain groups such as men, non-Hispanic blacks, those with less sun-sensitive skin, and those with lower incomes.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two, the study had a 66% response rate and potential for non-response bias.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three, the study did not include data on other skin cancer risk-related behaviors or the context in which sunscreen was used (e.g., use of other forms of sun protection), all of which factor into ensuring adequate sun protection.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although seemingly contradictory, these findings may reflect increased time outdoors and greater total sun exposure among the more physically active, creating a need for more vigilant protection.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Men may rely on protective clothing and shade more than sunscreen,2”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, Sunburn and sun protective behaviors among adults aged 18-29 years–United States, 2000-2010, MMWR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sunscreen works best when used as directed and in combination with other forms of sun protection.29”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Jansen, 2013, Photoprotection: part II. Sunscreen: development, efficacy, and controversies, J Am Acad Dermatol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One, the study relies on self-reported information which is subject to error.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“When a sunscreen does not provide adequate protection, users may have a false sense of protection, possibly leading to more total sun exposure.30”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] 2001, Sunscreens. Chapter 3. Human Use of Sunscreen
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern may reflect the many cosmetic products containing SPF that are marketed to women for use on the face.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we weighted the data to the US population and accounted for non-response, which may have mitigated this effect.”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported sunscreen use is an adequate measure of actual sunscreen use for the study's conclusions.
“One, the study relies on self-reported information which is subject to error.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The broad spectrum protection question is understood by respondents such that 'not sure' responses reflect uncertainty about their sunscreen.
“Does the sunscreen you usually use on your face provide broad spectrum (UVA and UVB) protection? [yes; no; not sure]”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“studies have consistently found low use of sunscreen among non-Hispanic Blacks [90–94], Hispanics [91, 92, 94], and Asians [94, 95] relative to White individuals.”
From Photoprotection for skin of color (2022) · cites this paper as [93]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Discussion
“The inverse association between sunscreen use and household income suggests that cost may be a barrier to sunscreen use”
§ Patterns of Sunscreen Use on the Face and Other Exposed Skin among US Adults > Results
“adults with a household income below $60,000 were significantly less likely to use sunscreen regularly compared to those with higher incomes”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Holman, D. M., Berkowitz, Z., Guy, G. P., Hawkins, N. A., Saraiya, M., & Watson, M.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holman, Dawn M.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 83-92.e1
- ISSN
- 0190-9622 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4475428
- OpenAlex
- W1956821286
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 11.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
- Keywords
- sunscreen use, sun protection, face, sun sensitivity, socioeconomic factors, household income, physical activity, broad-spectrum protection, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Face, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Care, Sunscreening Agents, United States, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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