Dose of Jogging and Long-Term Mortality
Open accessAbstract
Background People who are physically active have at least a 30% lower risk of death during follow-up compared with those who are inactive. However, the ideal dose of exercise for improving longevity is uncertain.Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the association between jogging and long-term, all-cause mortality by focusing specifically on the effects of pace, quantity, and frequency of jogging.Methods As part of the Copenhagen City Heart Study, 1,098 healthy joggers and 3,950 healthy nonjoggers have been prospectively followed up since 2001. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed with age as the underlying time scale and delayed entry.Results Compared with sedentary nonjoggers, 1 to 2.4 h of jogging per week was associated with the lowest mortality (multivariable hazard ratio [HR]: 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11 to 0.80). The optimal frequency of jogging was 2 to 3 times per week (HR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.69) or ≤1 time per week (HR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.72). The optimal pace was slow (HR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.24 to 1.10) or average (HR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.66). The joggers were divided into light, moderate, and strenuous joggers. The lowest HR for mortality was found in light joggers (HR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.47), followed by moderate joggers (HR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.32 to 1.38) and strenuous joggers (HR: 1.97; 95% CI: 0.48 to 8.14).Conclusions The findings suggest a U-shaped association between all-cause mortality and dose of jogging as calibrated by pace, quantity, and frequency of jogging. Light and moderate joggers have lower mortality than sedentary nonjoggers, whereas strenuous joggers have a mortality rate not statistically different from that of the sedentary group.
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Other studies of self-reported jogging habits have revealed a dose-response plateau or even harm associated with the most strenuous jogging habits.
“Other studies25,26 of self-reported jogging habits have revealed a dose-response plateau or even harm associated with the most strenuous jogging habits.”
From Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness with Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
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- Authors
- Schnohr, P., O’Keefe, J. H., Marott, J. L., Lange, P., & Jensen, G. B.
- Affiliations
- Frederiksberg Hospital (DK)
- Saint Luke's Hospital (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Schnohr, Peter
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 411-419
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W12946444
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 41.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Danish Heart Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- jogging, exercise dose, all-cause mortality, running pace, exercise frequency, exercise duration, U-shaped relationship, physical activity, longevity, Copenhagen City Heart Study, sedentary lifestyle, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Denmark, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Jogging, Longevity, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Prospective Studies, Registries, Young Adult, Sedentary Behavior
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