Short-term associations between nonsuicidal and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: a daily diary study with high-risk adolescents
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Background In this daily dairy study of adolescents at elevated suicide risk, we examined proximal associations between nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal thoughts as well as behaviors. We also investigated the prominence of the anti-suicide function underlying NSSI engagement, relative to intrapersonal and interpersonal motives.Methods Seventy-eight adolescents (67.9% female; ages 13-17) hospitalized due to suicide risk completed daily surveys assessing NSSI and suicidal thoughts for four weeks after discharge (n=1621 observations). Suicidal behavior (actual, aborted, interrupted suicide attempts) was assessed at 1-month follow-up.Results Over and above lifetime NSSI, adolescents who generally experienced more enduring (OR=2.54, p=<.001) and intense (OR=1.87, p=.002) suicidal ideation were more likely to engage in NSSI on a given day. Moreover, NSSI likelihood increased when adolescents experienced more enduring (OR=1.99, p<.001) and intense (OR=1.66, p<.001) ideation relative to their typical levels. This pattern was consistent for those with recent NSSI. The anti-suicide function of NSSI was frequently endorsed at hospitalization and when NSSI occurred daily (65.6% of the time), alongside the intrapersonal-negative motive (to avoid aversive states). Exploratory analyses suggest adolescents with suicidal behavior within the month after discharge experienced higher NSSI levels reported daily over the same period (Hedge's g=1.26, p=<.001).Limitations Daily-level associations were examined concurrently and generalizability of results is limited by sample characteristics.Conclusions The notable proximal associations between NSSI and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as the prominence of the anti-suicide function, point to the importance of intervention efforts targeting these intersecting phenomena among adolescents at elevated suicide risk.
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Most reviewed studies (78%, n = 18) were conducted in adult samples, and less frequently in adolescent samples (22%, n = 5).
“Most studies (78%, n = 18) were conducted in adult, and less frequently in adolescent samples [22%, n = 5; (45, 67, 72, 80, 85)].”
From Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
Among adolescents with a history of NSSI, suicidal ideation frequently co-occurred with NSSI.
“Among adolescents with a history of NSSI, suicidal ideation frequently co-occurred with NSSI (72).”
From Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
The clinicians of another adolescent sample reported the study, on average, to have had neutral to somewhat positive impact on their patients, including increased awareness into one's condition.
“The clinicians of another adolescent sample reported the study, on average, to have had “neutral” to “somewhat positive” impact on their patients [incl. increased awareness into one's condition (72)].”
From Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
In three studies following adolescents recently discharged from inpatient treatment after a suicide attempt or severe ideation, the incidence of suicide attempts over 28 days was 6%, 8%, and 9%.
“Three studies followed adolescents who were recently discharged from inpatient treatment after a suicide attempt or severe ideation. In 28 days, the incidence of suicide attempts was 6% (55), 8% (72), and 9% (85).”
From Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
Another study reported twice-daily manual checks on the participants' entries; 32% of the adolescent participants were contacted for a risk assessment during the 4-week study.
“Another study reported twice-daily (manual) checks on the participants entries; 32% of the adolescent participants were contacted for a risk assessment during the 4-week study (72).”
From Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
Three reviewed studies employed ongoing monitoring of the participant's responses.
“Three studies employed ongoing monitoring of the participant's responses (45, 72, 80).”
From Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
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Seong, E., Lee, K. H., Lee, J.-S., Kim, S., Seo, D. G., Yoo, J. H., Han, D. H., Hwang, H., Choi, C.-H., & Kim, J.-W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25248944
Relationship Stress and Suicidal Ideation: A Daily Diary Study
Love, H. A., Bui, C., & Morgan, P. C. (2026) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.70131
Oakey‐Frost, N., Moscardini, E. H., Rogers, M. L., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2026) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.70091
Molina, N. C., Bruce, M. D., Kaliush, P. R., Matsunaga, E., Conradt, E., & Crowell, S. E. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121756
Ivanov, N. M., ABRAMOV, A., & Ichitovkina, E. (2025) · Медицинский вестник МВД · doi:10.52341/20738080_2025_139_6_24
- Authors
- Czyz, E. K., Glenn, C. R., Arango, A., Koo, H. J., & King, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Old Dominion University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Czyz, E.K.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 292
- Pages
- 337-344
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8282747
- OpenAlex
- W3171664370
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 4.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Michigan
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH113776-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, suicide attempts, high-risk adolescents, daily diary, interpersonal motives, suicide prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Suicide, Attempted, Violence, Self-Injurious Behavior, Suicidal Ideation
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