Cited by 195Mental Health Research TopicsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Experience sampling and ecological momentary assessment for studying the daily lives of patients with anxiety disorders: A systematic review

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Walz, Laura C., Nauta, Maaike H., aan het Rot, Marije·2014·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.022

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Abstract

Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent. Symptoms may occur unpredictably (e.g., panic attacks) or predictably in specific situations (e.g., social phobia). Consequently, it may be difficult to assess anxiety and related constructs realistically in the laboratory or by traditional retrospective questionnaires. Experience sampling methods (ESM) and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) can deepen the understanding of the course of anxiety disorders by frequently assessing symptoms and other variables in the natural environment. We review 34 ESM/EMA studies on adult panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as anxiety disorders in youth. Benefits of ESM/EMA for the study of anxiety disorders include generating insight into the temporal variability of symptoms and into the associations among daily affect, behaviors, and situational cues. Further, ESM/EMA has been successfully combined with ambulatory assessment of physiological variables and with treatment evaluations. We provide suggestions for future research, as well as for clinical applications.

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Off-task thinking among adults with and without social anxiety disorder: an ecological momentary assessment study
Arch, J. J., Wilcox, R. R., Ives, L. T., Sroloff, A., & Andrews-Hanna, J. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1830751 · Cited by 21
How current and past anxiety disorders affect daily life in adolescents and young adults from the general population—An epidemiological study with ecological momentary assessment
Seidl, E., Venz, J., Ollmann, T. M., Voss, C., Hoyer, J., Pieper, L., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23133 · Cited by 19
“Overall, empirical studies and findings regarding experience of everyday life in individuals with ADs show a big variety regarding investigated groups, assessment contingency, observations per day, assessment days and constructs (Walz et al., 2014).”
Background
Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessments and interventions for major depressive disorder: protocol for a systematic review
Colombo, D., García‐Palacios, A., Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Patanè, A., Semonella, M., Cipresso, P., Kwiatkowska, M., Riva, G., & Botella, C. (2018) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-018-0899-y · Cited by 22
An experience sampling investigation of emotion and worry in people with generalized anxiety disorder
Pawluk, E. J., Koerner, N., Kuo, J. R., & Antony, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102478 · Cited by 23
Trauma-related memories in PTSD after interpersonal violence: An ambulatory assessment study
Kleindienst, N., Priebe, K., Petri, M., Hecht, A., Santangelo, P., Bohus, M., & Schulte-Herbrüggen, O. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1409062 · Cited by 18
Combining Standard Conventional Measures and Ecological Momentary Assessment of Depression, Anxiety and Coping Using Smartphone Application in Minor Stroke Population: A Longitudinal Study Protocol
Vansimaeys, C., Zuber, M., Pitrat, B., Join-Lambert, C., Tamazyan, R., Farhat, W., & Bungener, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01172 · Cited by 18
“…and behavioral research for many conditions such as depression (Wenze and Miller, 2010; aan het Rot et al., 2012; Telford et al., 2012), anxiety (Walz et al., 2014), substance use (Shiffman, 2009; Morgenstern et al., 2014; Serre et al., 2015) or somatic diseases (Finan et al., 2008; Sibon et…”
Background
Affect, motivation, temptation, and drinking among alcohol-dependent outpatients trying to maintain abstinence: An Ecological Momentary Assessment study
Waters, A. J., Schoenmakers, T. M., Snelleman, M., Szeto, E. H., Franken, I. H. A., Hendriks, V. M., & van de Mheen, D. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107626 · Cited by 17
Pandemic and mental adjustment disorders. Therapy options
Vasileva, A. V. (2020) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2020120051146 · Cited by 20
The late positive potential during affective picture processing: Associations with daily life emotional functioning among adolescents with anxiety disorders
Bylsma, L. M., Tan, P. Z., Silk, J. S., Forbes, E. E., McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.09.009 · Cited by 17
Honoring the Past, Envisioning the Future: ABCT’s 50th Anniversary Presidential Address
Craske, M. G. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.05.003 · Cited by 18
A theoretical and empirical modeling of anxiety integrated with RDoC and temporal dynamics
Frank, B. E., Jacobson, N. C., Hurley, L., & McKay, D. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.09.002 · Cited by 18
Innovation or Violation? Leveraging Mobile Technology to Conduct Socially Responsible Community Research
Roy, A. L. (2017) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12187 · Cited by 15
Ecological momentary assessment with smartphones for measuring mental health problems in adolescents
Magallón-Neri, E., Kirchner-Nebot, T., Forns-Santacana, M., Calderón, C., & Planellas, I. (2016) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i3.303 · Cited by 14
Is Continued Improvement After Automated Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Spider Phobia Explained by Subsequent in-vivo Exposure? A First Test of the Lowered Threshold Hypothesis
Lindner, P., Dafgård, P., Miloff, A., Andersson, G., Reuterskiöld, L., Hamilton, W., & Carlbring, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.645273 · Cited by 16
The relationship between state and trait loneliness and social experiences in daily lifePreprint
Mote, J., Gonzalez, R., Kircos, C., Gard, D. E., & Fulford, D. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pr79g · Cited by 16
A systematic review of ecological momentary assessment in autism research
Chen, Y., Xi, Z., Greene, T., & Mandy, W. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241305722 · Cited by 13
“…method (ESM), which has been widely used in studies with both clinical (e.g. depressive disorder by Colombo et al. (2019); anxiety disorder by Walz et al. (2014); eating disorder by Schaefer et al. (2020)) and non-clinical (e.g. mental health and behaviour by Huckins et al. (2020); sleep and…”
Accelerated symptom improvement in Parkinson’s disease via remote internet-based optimization of deep brain stimulation therapy: a randomized controlled multicenter trial
Gharabaghi, A., Groppa, S., Navas-García, M., Schnitzler, A., Muñoz‐Delgado, L., Marshall, V. L., Karl, J. A., Zhang, L., Álvarez, R., Feldman, M. S., et al. (2025) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-025-00744-7 · Cited by 15
“For example, EMA has led to new insights into the temporal patterns of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms 37 .”
Moderating the link between discrimination and adverse mental health outcomes: Examining the protective effects of cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation
Zhu, Y., & Deng, W. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282220 · Cited by 15
Evidence-Based Assessments for Transdiagnostic Eating Disorder Symptoms: Guidelines for Current Use and Future Directions
Levinson, C. A., Osborn, K., Hooper, M. A., Vanzhula, I. A., & Ralph‐Nearman, C. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231201150 · Cited by 14
“EMA, also called experience sampling or time-series methodologies (Trull & Ebner-Priemer, 2009; Walz et al., 2014), is an assessment method that uses repeated real-time sampling of a person’s current behavior, emotions, and cognitions in their natural environment.”
Background
How to use experience‐sampling technology to understand daily functioning: A practical guide for mental health professionals
Daniëls, N. E. M., Verhagen, S. J. W., van Bokhoven, M. A., Beurskens, A. J. H. M., & Delespaul, P. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2798 · Cited by 15
Social Interactions in Everyday Life of Socially Anxious Adolescents: Effects on Mental State, Anxiety, and Depression
Ernst, J., Rückert, F., Ollmann, T. M., Voß, C., Kische, H., Knappe, S., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01121-5 · Cited by 17
“…their impact on mood and depression are best studied using ecologically valid measures of everyday life, such as experience sampling methods (ESM) or ecological momentary assessment (EMA), to minimize retrospective bias and to assess time-and situation-dependent fluctuations (Walz et al., 2014).”
Background
Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Management of Anxiety Disorders: A Narrative Review of Theoretical Foundations, Clinical Applications, and Modern Integrative Approaches
Wang, Q., Wang, D., Lv, Y., & Li, Q. (2025) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s535646 · Cited by 12
“30 Moreover, psychophysiological assessment techniques, such as monitoring electrocardiogram readings, respiratory rates, skin conductance, and other physiological indicators, are instrumental in evaluating the physiological responses of individuals with anxiety disorders during stress exposure and…”
Cross-Study, Cross-Method Associations Between Negative Urgency and Internalizing Symptoms
King, K. M., Halvorson, M. A., Kuehn, K. S., Feil, M. C., & Lengua, L. J. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120983889 · Cited by 14
“Although negative mood states do not fully capture the realtime experience of anxiety or depression, persistent and strong negative moods have been consistently associated with internalizing disorders (Ebner-Priemer & Trull, 2009; Silk et al., 2011; Walz et al., 2014).”
Background
The Practicalities and Perils of Ambulatory Assessment's Promise: Introduction to a Special Section
Modecki, K. L., Goldberg, R., Ehrenreich, S. E., Russell, M., & Bellmore, A. D. (2019) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12532 · Cited by 12
Adolescents’ Daily Perception of Internalizing Emotional States by Means of Smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessment
Kirchner, T., Magallón-Neri, E., Ortiz, M. S., Planellas, I., Forns, M., & Calderón, C. (2017) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2017.70 · Cited by 17
Measuring teachers’ momentary affect: An exploratory experience sampling study
Stark, K., Jones, N. D., Camburn, E. M., & Kaler, L. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2023.102205 · Cited by 11
The Effect of Everyday-Life Social Contact on Pain
Weiss, M. H., Gründahl, M., Jachnik, A., Lampe, E. C., Malik, I., Rittner, H. L., Sommer, C., & Hein, G. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/53830 · Cited by 12
“These multiple measures of daily-life experiences can be put into relation to fluctuations of symptoms (eg, pain) throughout the XSL • FO RenderX day, depending on affective, cognitive, behavioral, and—last but not least—social factors [12,36,37].”
Differential effects of everyday-life social support on chronic pain
Weiss, M. H., Jachnik, A., Lampe, E. C., Gründahl, M., Harnik, M. A., Sommer, C., Rittner, H. L., & Hein, G. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03792-z · Cited by 11
Feasibility of Intensive Ecological Sampling of Tinnitus in Intervention Research
Gerull, K. M., Kallogjeri, D., Piccirillo, M. L., Rodebaugh, T. L., Lenze, E. J., & Piccirillo, J. F. (2019) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/0194599819844968 · Cited by 10
Ecological momentary assessment in posttraumatic stress disorder and coping. An eHealth study protocol
Lorenz, P., Schindler‐Gmelch, L., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Weidner, K., Kirschbaum, C., & Schellong, J. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1654064 · Cited by 12
Using data-enabled performance feedback and guidance to assist employment consultants in their work with job seekers: An experimental study
Butterworth, J., Migliore, A., Nye-Lengerman, K., Lyons, O., Gunty, A. L., Eastman, J., & Foos, P. (2020) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-201096 · Cited by 13
Development and Validation of a Smartphone-Based App for the Longitudinal Assessment of Anxiety in Daily Life
Fortea, L., Tortella‐Feliu, M., Juaneda‐Seguí, A., la Peña‐Arteaga, V. D., Chavarría-Elizondo, P., Prat-Torres, L., Soriano‐Mas, C., Lane, S. P., Raduà, J., & Fullana, M. A. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211065166 · Cited by 12
“First, although some past studies have used EMA to assess anxiety (Walz et al., 2014), most were conducted in clinical samples.”
Result
Emerging Technologies for Clinical Practice
McKay, D., Przeworski, A., & O'Neill, S. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802075-3.00014-0 · Cited by 11
Ecological momentary assessment in prolonged grief research: Feasibility, acceptability, and measurement reactivity
Mintz, E. H., Toner, E. R., Skolnik, A. M., Pan, A., Frumkin, M., Baker, A. W., Simon, N. M., & Robinaugh, D. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2433109 · Cited by 12
“EMA has broadly been found to be acceptable and feasible in clinical populations (Bentley et al., 2021; Glenn et al., 2021; Moitra et al., 2017; Rogers, 2021; Walz et al., 2014; Yim et al., 2020).”
Social Motivation Differentiates Social Anxiety and Depression: A Daily Diary Study
Rum, R., Birg, J. A., Silva, G., Rottenberg, J. A., Clayson, P. E., & Goodman, F. R. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2023.11.004 · Cited by 11
Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment in Clinical Psychology
Colombo, D., Suso‐Ribera, C., Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Cipresso, P., García‐Palacios, A., Riva, G., & Botella, C. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00003-0 · Cited by 9
Resilience to early family risk moderates stress-affect associations: A 14-day ecological momentary assessment study
Tung, N. Y. C., Yap, Y., Bei, B., Luecken, L. J., & Wiley, J. F. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.075 · Cited by 11
Perceptions towards an interaction partner predict social anxiety: an ecological momentary assessment study
Lee, J. H. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1969339 · Cited by 11
“As EMA allows for simultaneous assessments and analyses of multiple situational variables, it provides information about within-person changes in behaviour or affect across contexts and can address how situational variables influence behaviour or affect (Moskowitz & Young, 2006; Shiffman et al., 2008; Trull & Ebner– P…”
BackgroundInfluential
A Mobile Application Adjunct to Augment Cognitive–Behavioral Group Therapy for Adolescents with Social Anxiety: Feasibility and Acceptability Results from the Wiring Adolescents with Social Anxiety via Behavioral Interventions Pilot Trial
Biagianti, B., Conelea, C. A., Dabit, S., Ross, D., Beard, K. L., Harris, E., Shen, E., Jordan, J. T., & Bernstein, G. A. (2023) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2023.0001 · Cited by 8
“…retrospective bias, and highlight context-speciﬁc relationships of symptoms or behaviors, thereby having a therapeutic effect (Heron and Smyth, 2010; Walz et al., 2014), only a few studies to date have used these experience sampling methods in adolescents to capture manifestations of SA, and/or to…”

Authors: Walz, L. C., Nauta, M. H., & aan het Rot, M.
Affiliations: University of Groningen (NL)
ORCID: Nauta, Maaike H.
aan het Rot, Marije
Venue: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-12
Volume: 28
Issue: 8
Pages: 925-937
ISSN: 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.022
OpenAlex: W2094057723
Cited by: 195
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9
FWCI: 1.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.rug.nl
Licence: other-oa
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: ecological momentary assessment, anxiety disorders, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, youth anxiety disorders, treatment evaluation, everyday life
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Phobic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Panic Disorder

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Experience sampling and ecological momentary assessment for studying the daily lives of patients with anxiety disorders: A systematic review

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