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Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales
Open accessAbstract
Research and clinical observations suggest that during times of pandemic many people exhibit stress- or anxiety-related responses that include fear of becoming infected, fear of coming into contact with possibly contaminated objects or surfaces, fear of foreigners who might be carrying infection (i.e., disease-related xenophobia), fear of the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking regarding possible pandemic-related threats, and traumatic stress symptoms about the pandemic (e.g., nightmares, intrusive thoughts). We developed the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS) to measure these features, as they pertain to COVID-19. The CSS were developed to better understand and assess COVID-19-related distress. The scales were intentionally designed so they could be readily adapted for future pandemics. The CSS were developed and initially validated in population-representative samples from Canada (N = 3479) and the United States (N = 3375). A stable 5-factor solution was identified, corresponding to scales assessing COVID-related stress and anxiety symptoms: (1) Danger and contamination fears, (2) fears about economic consequences, (3) xenophobia, (4) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and (5) traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19. The scales performed well on various indices of reliability and validity. The scales were intercorrelated, providing evidence of a COVID Stress Syndrome. The scales offer promise as tools for better understanding the distress associated with COVID-19 and for identifying people in need of mental health services.
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“Since the onset of the pandemic, an important number of studies have been interested in its psychological impacts and showed increases in rates of mental health disturbances.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, faced with the increase in the prevalence of psychological distress [3,4], it seems useful to invest in the development of prevention tools.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the CSS is a novel measure, initial data suggest that the CSS is reliable (Cronbach’s α for individual subscales ranged from 0.86–0.95) and valid [97].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
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“While an initial five-factor structure was proposed, subsequent studies have proposed a six-factor solution [97,98].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“As per Taylor et al. (2020), anxiety mainly related to worries about catching the virus and socio‐economic concerns.”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Taylor et al. (2020)
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“The CSS is a 36-item measure of COVID distress.”
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“To date, there has been little empirical attention devoted to this issue; indeed, while several measures of COVID-19-related fears have recently emerged (e.g., Ahorsu et al., 2020) , they tend to be unidimensional (i.e., focused on general fear aspects of and are based on limited psychometric evaluation.”
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“Also, since the present survey was launched, several scales were developed that assess both COVID-19 related health behavior [24] and specific predictors such as fear [29], anxiety [30], obsession [31], and stress [32].”
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“In recognition of the potential psychological impact, a number of new psychometric instruments have been developed to explore on psychological consequences of the virus including the COVID Stress Scale (Taylor et al. 2020), Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (Lee 2020), and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (Ahorsu et al. 2020).”
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BackgroundInfluentialIntolerance of uncertainty and reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic
Bavoľár, J., Kačmár, P., Hricová, M., Schrötter, J., Holevová, B. K., Köverová, M., & Ráczová, B. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2021.1922346 · Cited by 62
“…data collection for the present research, new COVID-19 specialized measures have been published that may give a better evaluation of COVID-19 anxiety and stress (The COVID Stress Scales, Taylor et al., 2020; The COVID-19 anxiety syndrome scale, Nik cevi c & Spada, 2020; The Fear of COVID-19 scale).”
Real versus illusory personal growth in response to COVID-19 pandemic stressors
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“…pandemic and at a time when concerns were once again increasing with the onset of the second wave of infections in Canada and the United States (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020); as such, findings may not reflect patterns of growth at various points over the extended and dynamic course of the pandemic.”
BackgroundMatsunaga, H., Mukai, K., & Yamanishi, K. (2020) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13119 · Cited by 53
“While more students are willing to utilize online counseling services, it is meaningful to advocate online counseling so it can be incorporated when developing student-centered support programs.(1) In fact, some nongovernmental organizations have pioneered providing online counseling services in Hong Kong.”
BackgroundAssessment of Fear of COVID-19 in Older Adults: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Tomás, J. M., Barboza-Palomino, M., Ventura‐León, J., Gallegos, M., Reyes-Bossio, M. A., & Vilca, L. W. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00438-2 · Cited by 53
“Regarding fear, it can be presented in different ways, such as fear of becoming infected, fear of being in contact with possibly contaminated objects, fear of foreigners who may carry the virus, or fear of the socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic (Taylor 2019; Taylor et al. 2020).”
BackgroundBenefits of nostalgia in vulnerable populations
Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2022) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2022.2036005 · Cited by 62
“…(i.e., emotionally instability and susceptibility to negative mood) is highly relevant to clinical practice, as it can render individuals vulnerable to adverse events (Gunthert et al., 1999; McKeever & Huff, 2003), including COVID-related stress (Asmundson et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTools to measure the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: What do we have in the platter?
Cortêz, P. A., Joseph, S. J., Das, N., Bhandarı, S. S., & Shoib, S. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102371 · Cited by 58
Morris, A., Wu, H., & Morales, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.764753 · Cited by 52
“The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in many people experiencing mental health challenges, including fears about economic consequences and traumatic stress (4).”
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“The PHQ-4 has been used for non-clinical samples both in COVID-19-related studies (e.g., Petzold et al., 2020a; Taylor et al., 2020) and otherwise (e.g., Cavanagh et al., 2018; Schmalbach et al., 2021), however, its psychometric properties including its reliability, factor structure, and…”
Hadwin, A. F., Sukhawathanakul, P., Rostampour, R., & Olivares, L. M. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813529 · Cited by 69
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“…worries during the past week, while in the CHE and TSS scales, they should answer the questions considering how often they have ‘‘engaged in compulsive checking or reassurance seeking behaviours, and how frequently they experience problems related to traumatic stress in the past week’’ [76], [77].”
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“…during times of pandemic many people exhibit fear and anxiety‐ related distress responses that include the following: fear of supplies are running low, and fear of information uncertainty (Baloran, 2020; Hobbs, 2020; Ma et al., 2020; Ranney et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020; Y. Zhong et al., 2021).”
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BackgroundPlans of US Parents Regarding School Attendance for Their Children in the Fall of 2020
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“In this syndrome, traumatic stress symptoms are a prominent feature, but severe forms of the syndrome are conceptualized as a pandemic-related adjustment disorder, not a posttraumatic stress syndrome (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020; Taylor, 2021).”
Trauma exposure and the PTSD symptoms of college teachers during the peak of the COVID‐19 outbreak
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“The scales are distinct, but also highly correlated factors (Taylor et al., 2020a); therefore, both total and scale scores were computed, with higher scores indicating greater COVID-19-related distress.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSharrock, M. J., Mahoney, A. E. J., Haskelberg, H., Millard, M., & Newby, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102494 · Cited by 46
“…and stress internationally (Wu et al., 2020), prolonged and repeated exposure to health-threatening information about COVID-19 has caused many to fear contracting and spreading COVID-19 and worry about their health and the health of loved ones (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020a; Newby & O’Moore, 2020).”
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“(42) demonstrated that fear of COVID-19 had a significant influence on depression and anxiety.”
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Anxiety disorders, COVID-19 fear, and vaccine hesitancy
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“The COVID Stress Scales (CSS; Taylor et al., 2020) are self-report measures that assess COVID-19 fear across a variety of dimensions including danger and contamination, fear of socioeconomic consequences, traumatic stress symptoms, compulsive checking, and xenophobia.”
InfluentialConsonni, M., Telesca, A., Grazzi, L., Cazzato, D., & Lauria, G. (2020) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04890-9 · Cited by 45
Item Response Theory Analysis of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S): A Systematic Review
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“Five of the 25 studies summarized in the current article acknowledged methodological limitations in the assessment of post-traumatic stress symptoms using self-report symptom measures that do not provide diagnostic assessment of PTSD [13,18,22,24,44].”
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“…amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, including anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, coronary phobia, and xenophobia (e.g., Magson et al., 2021; Mertens et al., 2020; Qi et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2021; Taylor et al., 2020; van der Velden et al., 2020; Xiong et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundButnaru, G. I., Haller, A. P., Dragolea, L.-L., Anichiti, A., & Hârșan, G.-D. T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189665 · Cited by 56
“[39] analysed the consequences of quarantine during the pandemic in a group of Canadians and a group of Americans; general stress, combined with isolation and an attempt to avoid contagion, were noted.”
BackgroundAguilar, S. J., Rosenberg, J. M., Greenhalgh, S. P., Fütterer, T., Lishinski, A., & Fischer, C. (2021) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584211063898 · Cited by 56
“More generally, stressors may also relate to fears of contraction of COVID-19 or economic impacts for themselves, their family, and/or larger community (Goldfarb, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSchlaegel, C., Gunkel, M., & Taras, V. (2022) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2671 · Cited by 48
“The specific scales that have been developed to assess COVID-19-related stress provide a fertile basis for future research (e.g., Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThreat perceptions and the intention to acquire firearms
Anestis, M. D., & Bryan, C. J. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.033 · Cited by 42
McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106522 · Cited by 43
“The recently developed COVID Stress Scales (CSS; Taylor et al., 2020) categorizes stressors from the pandemic into five categories: danger and contamination fear, social and economic stress, traumatic stress symptoms, checking and reassurance seeking behavior, and xenophobia.”
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Vilca, L. W., Carbajal‐León, C., White, M., Vivanco-Vidal, A., Saroli-Araníbar, D., Peña-Calero, B. N., & Moreta‐Herrera, R. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1865480 · Cited by 42
“The latter is important because it would facilitate the generation of evidence so that different public health officials can allocate economic, material and human resources to carry out these scientifically validated interventions (Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPsychological wellness of internal medicine hospitalists during the COVID-19 pandemic
Dugani, S. B., Geyer, H. L., Maniaci, M. J., Fischer, K. M., Croghan, I. T., & Burton, M. C. (2020) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.1080/21548331.2020.1832792 · Cited by 41
Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on university students’ anxiety disorder in Italy
Busetta, G., Campolo, M. G., Fiorillo, F., Pagani, L., Panarello, D., & Augello, V. (2021) · Genus · doi:10.1186/s41118-021-00135-5 · Cited by 43
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Gullo, S., Gelo, O. C. G., Bassi, G., Lo Coco, G., Lagetto, G., Esposito, G., Pazzagli, C., Salcuni, S., Freda, M. F., Mazzeschi, C., et al. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03071-5 · Cited by 38
“examine other specific constructs such as COVID-19-related distress (Taylor et al., 2020), which have proven to comprise specific pandemic-related threats and traumatic stress symptoms with regard to the pandemic.”
BackgroundElbqry, M. G., Elmansy, F. M., el-Sayed, A. E., Mansour, B., El-Tantawy, A., Eldin, M. B., & Sayed, H. H. (2021) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-021-00084-x · Cited by 42
Measuring COVID-19 Related Anxiety in Parents: Psychometric Comparison of Four Different Inventories
Kubb, C., & Foran, H. M. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/24507 · Cited by 43
“In contrast, the validation studies [48,49,51,81] all took place between March and April 2020, at the onset of the pandemic outbreak, when there was a high level of uncertainty regarding the course of the pandemic.”
Abbady, A. S., El‐Gilany, A., El-Dabee, F. A., Elsadek, A. M., Elwasify, M., & Elwasify, M. (2021) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-021-00095-8 · Cited by 39
“[18] suggested psychological effects of COVID-19 underneath the name of COVID-19 stress syndrome, which is described by distress of becoming infected, distress of being contaminated, distress of foreigners who might be carrying infection (i.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAmin, M. A., Arefin, M. S., Hossain, I., Islam, M. R., Sultana, N., & Hossain, M. N. (2021) · Journal of Global Marketing · doi:10.1080/08911762.2021.1980640 · Cited by 39
“The measurement items of fear of COVID-19 were adapted from Ahorsu et al. (2020), Taylor et al. (2020), and Sakib et al., (2020).”
MethodCoiro, M. J., Watson, K. H., Ciriegio, A., Jones, M. T., Wolfson, A. R., Reisman, J., & Compas, B. E. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02444-6 · Cited by 40
“1 3 Consistent with recent findings (e.g., Kujawa et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020), these adults reported significant levels of stress related to multiple facets of the COVID-19 pandemic.”
BackgroundZeng, Y., Ye, B., Zhang, Y., & Yang, Q. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.703899 · Cited by 46
Yalçın, İ., Boysan, M., Eşkısu, M., & Çam, Z. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02987-2 · Cited by 46
“The COVID-19 Stress Scales (Taylor et al., 2020b), which measure these five dimensions, were used to collect data from 6854 participants aged 18–94.”
InfluentialTekir, Ö. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264970 · Cited by 38
Anxiety among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Gosselin, P., Castonguay, C., Goyette, M., Lambert, R., Brisson, M., Landreville, P., & Grenier, S. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102633 · Cited by 37
“It is important to further study individual factors that may be associated with anxiety and specific behaviors observed in the context of a pandemic such as COVID-19 (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020).”
InfluentialSAMUELS, J. F., Holingue, C., Nestadt, P. S., Bienvenu, O. J., Phan, P., & Nestadt, G. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.064 · Cited by 38
“…personality traits (Samuels et al., 2000), anxiety sensitivity (Calamari et al., 2008; Brand et al., 2013), and intolerance of uncertainty (Buhr and Dugas, 2002) should be considered in future studies, as well as more specific COVID-19 related stress (Taylor et al., 2020; Khosravani et al., 2021b).”
BackgroundWegmann, E., Brandtner, A., & Brand, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.623099 · Cited by 43
“We highly recommend to apply this questionnaire in further studies during the COVID19 pandemic and additionally to investigate convergent and divergent validity such as general fear and stress perception related to COVID-19 [see also (45, 54, 55)].”
MethodBottesi, G., Marino, C., Vieno, A., Ghisi, M., & Spada, M. M. (2021) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.1952584 · Cited by 36
“Fourth, in our study we could not use a specific measure of COVID-19 psychological distress – as for example the recently developed Fear of COVID-19 Scale (Ahorsu et al., 2020), Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (lee et al., 2020a, 2020b), COVID Stress Scales (Taylor et al., 2020), and COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (Nikčevi…”
MethodDelgado-Gallegos, J. L., Montemayor-Garza, R. D. J., Padilla-Rivas, G. R., Franco-Villareal, H., & Islas, J. F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207624 · Cited by 43
“Structure and adaptation of the COVID-19 stress scales (CSS) [26] for Spanish-speaking healthcare providers.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKhoa, D. T., Wang, C.-Y., & Guchait, P. (2020) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2020.1831477 · Cited by 36
Eichenberg, C., Grossfurthner, M., Andrich, J., Hübner, L., Kietaibl, S., & Holocher-Benetka, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.596281 · Cited by 36
“, (6)], the fear triggered by news reports (7), the development of suitable instruments for the measurement of psychosocial stress (8, 9), notable psychological responses such as anxiety (10) or the development of pandemic stress reactions within risk groups (11).”
BackgroundChen, I.-H., Chen, C.-Y., Zhao, K.-Y., Gamble, J. H., Lin, C.-Y., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02471-3 · Cited by 37
Carvalho, S., Coelho, C. G., Kluwe‐Schiavon, B., Magalhães, J. A. M. C., & Leite, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095140 · Cited by 34
“Additionally, Taylor and colleagues suggest that individuals with a primary anxiety disorder may be particularly at risk for the development of COVID-19 stress syndrome compared to individuals with mood disorders or without disorders [78,79].”
BackgroundArnetz, B. B., Goetz, C. M., vanSchagen, J. E., Baer, W., SMITH, S. R., & Arnetz, J. E. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272609 · Cited by 35
“To assess fear of contagion and other stressors attributable to the COVID pandemic, we used the ‘danger’ scale (5 items) and a selection of 4 items from the ‘contamination’ scale (questions related to banking/cash transactions were excluded to keep the survey brief) from the validated COVID Stress Scales [29].”
BackgroundMethodWong, W. L., & Yuen, K.-W. A. (2022) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2022.2148087 · Cited by 40
“Therefore, to include COVID-related stress as a covariate for this study, the COVID Stress Scale (Taylor et al., 2020) was used.”
MethodMartínez-González, N., Atienza, F. L., Tomás-Marco, I., Duda, J. L., & Balaguer, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612825 · Cited by 40
“These studies point to a substantial increase in reported psychological problems in the general population (Harper et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020) and a significant decrease in well-being (Yang and Ma, 2020).”
Arabic COVID-19 Psychological Distress Scale: development and initial validation
Abiddine, F. Z. E., Al‐Tammemi, A. B., Gadelrab, H. F., Lin, C., Aljaberi, M. A. A., Alhuwailah, A., & Roubi, M. L. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046006 · Cited by 34
Ojalehto, H. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Hellberg, S. N., Butcher, M. W., & Buchholz, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102460 · Cited by 36
“It is also worth noting that there have been multiple facets of COVID-stress identified (Taylor et al., 2020).”
Mansueto, G., Palmieri, S., Marino, C., Caselli, G., Sassaroli, S., Ruggiero, G. M., Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2767 · Cited by 38
“…such as the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S; Ahorsu et al., 2020), the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS; Lee, 2020b), the COVID Stress Scales (CSS; Taylor et al., 2020), the Perceived Coronavirus Threat Questionnaire (PCTQ; Conway et al., 2020) and the Coronavirus Stress Scale (Arslan et al.,…”
BackgroundHumphrey, A., & Vari, O. (2021) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs11040050 · Cited by 29
“From a psychological health perspective, these impacts have been noted as invoking increased feelings of fear, stress and anxiety [1,2].”
BackgroundMoroń, M., Yıldırım, M., Jach, Ł., Nowakowska, J., & Atłas, K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02543-4 · Cited by 36
Durbas, A., Karaman, H., Solman, C. H., Kaygısız, N., & Ersoy, Ö. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.731348 · Cited by 38
“Besides, participants’ stress levels were also assessed according to CSS. CSS was a fivepoint Likert scale, and the results were divided into three groups as “low,” “medium,” and “high” for interpretation.”
MethodInfluentialThe Impact of COVID-19 on the Majority Population, Ethno-Racial Minorities, and Immigrants
Politi, E., Lueders, A., Sankaran, S., Anderson, J., Assche, J. V., Spiritus-Beerden, E., Roblain, A., Phalet, K., Derluyn, I., Verelst, A., et al. (2021) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000460 · Cited by 39
Jardon, C., & Choi, K. R. (2022) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903211072222 · Cited by 38
“The COVID Stress Scales is a new measure of COVID-19 related stress, developed and validated rapidly in 2020 (Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSpatafora, F., Fialho, P. M. M., Busse, H., Helmer, S. M., Zeeb, H., Stock, C., Wendt, C., & Pischke, C. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031659 · Cited by 33
“Since the implementation of our survey in May 2020, several scales for assessing this fear were designed and validated, including the “Fear of COVID-19 Scale” [7], the “Coronavirus Anxiety Scale” [47], or the “Coronavirus Stress Scales” [48].”
MethodNazari, N., Safitri, S., Uşak, M., Arabmarkadeh, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00593-0 · Cited by 35
Sobaih, A. E. E., Gharbi, H., & Elnasr, A. E. A. (2022) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm15080340 · Cited by 56
“Thus, hotel managers have implemented alternative strategies to overcome the tough financial situation during and amid the pandemic period (Taylor et al. 2020).”
A systematic review of questionnaires assessing the psychological impact of COVID-19
Voitsidis, P., Kerasidou, M. D., Nikopoulou, V. A., Tsalikidis, P., Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., & Diakogiannis, I. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114183 · Cited by 32
Kim, K., Kim, H., Lee, J., Cho, I., Ahn, M. H., Son, K. Y., Kim, J. E., Kim, H. J., Yoon, S. M., Kim, S. H., et al. (2021) · Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.4143/crt.2021.585 · Cited by 31
“psychological distress, including various anxiety symptoms triggered by COVID-19 [23,24].”
BackgroundSharevski, F., Huff, A., Jachim, P., & Pieroni, E. (2022) · International Journal of Information Management Data Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jjimei.2022.100059 · Cited by 34
Students’ negative emotions and their rational and irrational behaviors during COVID-19 outbreak
Rezapour, M., Dehzangi, A., & Saadati, F. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264985 · Cited by 32
“So far, extensive works have been employed for various aspects of COVID-19, from immunity [5], to its variant [6].”
BackgroundDillmann, J., Şensoy, Ö., & Schwarzer, G. (2022) · Journal of Early Childhood Research · doi:10.1177/1476718x221083423 · Cited by 32
“These stressors might have led to feelings of depression, which are a commonly described effect of the COVID-19 pandemic (Islam et al., 2020; Rajkumar, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020a, 2020b).”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, D.-J. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9040482 · Cited by 35
“[10] have developed a specific scale for assessing COVID-19 stress.”
BackgroundGorini, F., Chatzianagnostou, K., Mazzone, A., Bustaffa, E., Esposito, A., Berti, S. L., Bianchi, F., & Vassalle, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207371 · Cited by 31
“Psychometric tools have been developed and validated to evaluate COVID-19 fear [107,108].”
MethodInsomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of depression and COVID-19-related risk factors
Pizzonia, K. L., Koscinski, B., Suhr, J. A., Accorso, C., Allan, D. M., & Allan, N. P. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1879241 · Cited by 31
“In addition to fear-related factors, Taylor et al. (2020) identified compulsive behaviors that are associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, including checking the news or seeking reassurance from others.”
BackgroundBryant, R. A., Dawson, K. S., Keyan, D., Azevedo, S., Yadav, S., Tran, J., Rawson, N., & Harvey, S. B. (2021) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000520283 · Cited by 31
The imprinting effect of SARS experience on the fear of COVID-19: The role of AI and big data
Yao, H., Liu, W., Wu, C., & Yuan, Y. (2021) · Socio-Economic Planning Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.seps.2021.101086 · Cited by 29
“Taylor, Landry [15] developed the COVID Stress Scales (CSS) and identified five factors of stress and anxiety symptoms associated with the coronavirus in two large samples from Canada and the United States.”
BackgroundMethodRaja, U., Jahanzeb, S., Malik, M. A. R., & Baig, M. U. A. (2022) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12417 · Cited by 36
“Second, in response to the need for more research into COVID-19 in Western national contexts (Taylor et al., 2020), this study is relevant through its emphasis on employees working for North American organizations.”
BackgroundAshutosh, K., & Trivedi, R. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.9115 · Cited by 33
“Taylor et al (2020) has introduced a set of measures “COVID Stress Scales” to have a better understanding of distress related to COVID.”
Khosravani, V., Ardestani, S. M. S., Bastan, F. S., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2602 · Cited by 28
“Given that individuals experience more COVID-19 stress during the peak of the pandemic and at the height of restrictions (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020), so these results should be re- examined when the prevalence of COVID-19 is less.”
BackgroundAcuña-Hormazábal, Á., Mendoza-Llanos, R., & Peregort, O. P. (2021) · Estudios Gerenciales · doi:10.18046/j.estger.2021.158.4364 · Cited by 32
Nazari, N., Zekiy, A. O., Feng, L.-S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00540-z · Cited by 30
“The COVID-19 pandemic has generated psychological distress, anxiety, and fear and has disrupted people’s routines (Liu et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020; Yang&Ma, 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Regina (CA)
- Baylor University (US)
- Fordham University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Asmundson, Gordon J.G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 102232
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7198206
- OpenAlex
- W3020973746
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 344 · 2020: 123
- FWCI
- 95.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID Stress Scale, COVID-19 pandemic, pandemic stress, anxiety, fear of contamination, economic impact of pandemic, compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, traumatic stress symptoms, scale development, scale validation, mental health screening
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Canada, Fear, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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