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Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales
Open accessAbstract
Research and clinical observations suggest that during times of pandemic many people exhibit stress- or anxiety-related responses that include fear of becoming infected, fear of coming into contact with possibly contaminated objects or surfaces, fear of foreigners who might be carrying infection (i.e., disease-related xenophobia), fear of the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking regarding possible pandemic-related threats, and traumatic stress symptoms about the pandemic (e.g., nightmares, intrusive thoughts). We developed the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS) to measure these features, as they pertain to COVID-19. The CSS were developed to better understand and assess COVID-19-related distress. The scales were intentionally designed so they could be readily adapted for future pandemics. The CSS were developed and initially validated in population-representative samples from Canada (N = 3479) and the United States (N = 3375). A stable 5-factor solution was identified, corresponding to scales assessing COVID-related stress and anxiety symptoms: (1) Danger and contamination fears, (2) fears about economic consequences, (3) xenophobia, (4) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and (5) traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19. The scales performed well on various indices of reliability and validity. The scales were intercorrelated, providing evidence of a COVID Stress Syndrome. The scales offer promise as tools for better understanding the distress associated with COVID-19 and for identifying people in need of mental health services.
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“Since the onset of the pandemic, an important number of studies have been interested in its psychological impacts and showed increases in rates of mental health disturbances.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, faced with the increase in the prevalence of psychological distress [3,4], it seems useful to invest in the development of prevention tools.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the CSS is a novel measure, initial data suggest that the CSS is reliable (Cronbach’s α for individual subscales ranged from 0.86–0.95) and valid [97].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“While an initial five-factor structure was proposed, subsequent studies have proposed a six-factor solution [97,98].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“As per Taylor et al. (2020), anxiety mainly related to worries about catching the virus and socio‐economic concerns.”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Taylor et al. (2020)
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“The CSS is a 36-item measure of COVID distress.”
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“To date, there has been little empirical attention devoted to this issue; indeed, while several measures of COVID-19-related fears have recently emerged (e.g., Ahorsu et al., 2020) , they tend to be unidimensional (i.e., focused on general fear aspects of and are based on limited psychometric evaluation.”
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Items 801–900 of 999
CASALE, A. D., Modesti, M. N., Lai, C., Carola, V., Mimun, S., Bruzzese, A., Speranza, A. M., Drakes, D. H., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Nicolais, G. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12175680 · Cited by 1
“The CSS was based on evidence and clinical experiences with previous pandemics and outbreaks [31].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPredictive validity of two conceptualizations of basic temperament dimensions
Sztandera, B., Ponikiewska, K., & Cieciuch, J. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112358 · Cited by 1
Radević, L., Milošević, M., Milosavljević, M., & Dinić, B. M. (2023) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.v16i4.2467 · Cited by 1
“…Scale; Dadfar & Lester, 2020) .77 Fear of death (Coronavirus Disease Concern Scale; Dadfar & Lester, 2020) .77 Xenophobia (COVID Stress scales; Taylor et al., 2020) .76 Obsession with COVID-19 (The Obsession with COVID-19 Scale; Lee, 2020) .74 Compulsive checking and reassurance seeking…”
BackgroundInfluentialPandemi Sonrası Yoğun Bakım Hemşirelerinde Covid-19 Stres Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi
Yormaz, E. P., Aydoğdu, E. K., & Ören, B. (2023) · Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi · doi:10.62111/ybhd.1344490 · Cited by 1
Güneş, H. M., & Başgöze, P. (2024) · Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality · doi:10.48119/toleho.1328187 · Cited by 1
Cheung, R. Y. M., & Vaydich, J. L. (2024) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807241226713 · Cited by 2
“Notably, upon exploratory and con fi rmatory factor analysis (Taylor et al., 2020), the measure resulted in a fi ve-factor model, with sub-scales including COVID danger and contamination, COVID socioeconomic consequences, COVID xenophobia, COVID compulsive checking, and COVID traumatic stress…”
InfluentialLiou, D. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309623 · Cited by 1
“Significant positive correlations between fear of COVID-19 and depression and anxiety were detected in a study by Ahorsu et al. [28] Taylor [29] referred to psychological vulnerability factors as playing a part in the fear of COVID-19, including intolerance of uncertainty and perceived…”
Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of Perinatal Bereavement Care Competence Scale
Gökçek, A. İ., & Özcan, N. K. (2024) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228241286112 · Cited by 1
“Another result that supports the reliability of the scale is that the internal consistency coef fi cient is statistically signi fi cant (Taylor et al., 2020).”
Batley, P. N., Batley, N. J., Mushfiq, H., Perrin, E., Bellikli, T., Contractor, A. A., Mousavi, S., Toko, P., & Nichols, T. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241289353 · Cited by 1
“…Alimoradi, Ohayon et al., 2022; Brooke & Jackson, 2020; Hasannia et al., 2021; Olashore et al., 2021; Sandya et al., 2022) and physical stress (Taylor et al., 2020), mental distress (Park et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), social stigma (Patel et al., 2021; Sangma et al., 2022), and…”
InfluentialChoi, Y., Hyun, J., Kim, S.-J., Kim, H., Sohn, S., Lee, Y., Paik, J., Lee, S. H., & Lee, J.-S. (2024) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2024.0243 · Cited by 1
“Similarly, the COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS) developed by Taylor et al. 11 identified multiple dimensions of stress related to the pandemic, including fear of danger and contamination, which align with our fear of infection scale.”
Moore, M., Yunus, F. M., Thompson, K., Keough, M. T., Krank, M. D., Conrod, P., & Stewart, S. H. (2025) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968241313068 · Cited by 1
Tullett-Prado, D., Gomez, R., Watson, S., & Stavropoulos, V. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07275-9 · Cited by 3
“Two other studies (Mertens et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020) have examined anxiety and fear related to COVID-19 using network analysis, but they didn’t specifically focus on the CAS.”
The long-term impact of the covid-19 pandemic on patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Bostan, B. U., Poyraz, C. A., Esen, B. K., & Sağlam, N. G. U. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041562 · Cited by 1
Psychosocial status and COVID-19 outcome are significantly associated
Sinha, N. K., & Maiti, S. (2025) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-024-00711-3 · Cited by 1
“Laboratory investigations on human stress exposure showed the manifestations of severe impairment of neuro-endocrine and immune system (Herbert et al. 1993; [25]).”
Chandra, S., Amer, A., Shih, C.-H., Shao, Q., Wang, X., & Xie, H. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15040127 · Cited by 1
“The 37-item CSS survey was used to assess stress induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, including fears to danger, contamination, economic consequences, xenophobia, compulsive checking, and traumatic stress [33].”
Keyan, D., Dawson, K. S., Yadav, S., Azevedo, S., Choi‐Christou, J., Maliakkal, D. J., Pillai, M. K., Chokhani, R., Thomas, E., George, T. S., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2503603 · Cited by 1
“…COVID-19 pandemic-related stress and anxiety symptoms across five domains that included COVID danger and contamination fears, COVID fears about economic consequences, COVID xenophobia, COVID compulsive checking and reas-surance seeking, and COVID traumatic stress symptoms (Taylor et al., 2020).”
Seçer, E., Esentürk, O. K., Yarayan, Y. E., İlhan, E. L., & Yıldıran, İ. (2025) · Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.38021/asbid.1742657 · Cited by 1
Sensitivity to change of the COVID-19 anxiety syndrome scale among Canadian dentists
Seth, R., Madathil, S. A., Siqueira, W. L., McNally, M., Quiñonez, C., Glogauer, M., & Allison, P. J. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03491-5 · Cited by 1
“…for assessing fear, anxiety and stress related to COVID-19 (e.g., the Fear of COVID-19 Scale [19], Multi-dimensional Assessment of COVID-19 related fears [20], Coronavirus Anxiety Scale [21], COVID-19 Anxiety Scale [22], COVID Stress Scales [23], Perceived Coronavirus Threat Questionnaire [24]).”
Trajectory of severe COVID anxiety and predictors for recovery in an 18-month UK cohort
King, J. D., McQuaid, A., Barnicot, K., Bassett, P., Leeson, V. C., Simplicio, M. C. D., Tyrer, P. J., Tyrer, H., Watt, R. G., & Crawford, M. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10884 · Cited by 1
Reid, C. N., Beckstead, J. W., & Salinas‐Miranda, A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0336446 · Cited by 1
“The COVID-Stress Scales (CSS) were used to measure students’ perception of stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic within the last seven days [29].”
Štolhoferová, I., Hladíková, T., Janovcová, M., Peterková, Š., Frynta, D., & Landová, E. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0343680 · Cited by 1
“…Scale (TDDS) [54,55]; we modified the questionnaire by excluding the items of sexual domain, (3) Coronavirus Safety Behaviours Scale (CSBS) [56]; originally developed in the context of Ebola epidemy [57], (4) The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) [58,59], (5) The COVID Stress Scales (C-19SS) [60].”
Chihai, J. (2021) · Archiv Euromedica · doi:10.35630/2199-885x/2021/11/4.4 · Cited by 1
ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN FUNERAL HOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Ehlers, L. L. (2021) · SEU FIRE Scholars (Southeastern University) · Cited by 1
Mahmood, R., & Zahari, A. S. M. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i3/12318 · Cited by 1
“Stress may also have a positive impact on students (Taylor et al., 2020), if they see what is happening as a motivation for self-improvement, which in turn will have an impact on their potential for academic achievement.”
BackgroundHabilitative Teletherapy for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Survey of Parents
Choi, K. R., Becerra-Culqui, T. A., Tejada, G., Coleman, K. J., Bhakta, B. B., Knight, E. A., Gahre, T. L., & Zima, B. T. (2022) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001106 · Cited by 1
“We also measured COVID-19–related stress with the COVID Stress Scale (CSS), a 36-item measure of 5 domains of COVID-19–related stress (danger and contamination fears, fears about economic consequences, xenophobia, compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, traumatic stress symptoms).(23) Items were reported on 4-poi…”
MethodDevelopment and Preliminary Validation of the Pandemic Avoidance and Concern Scales (PACS)
Daoust, A. R., Stanton, K. J., Vandermeer, M. R. J., Liu, P., Harkness, K. L., & Hayden, E. P. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09995-3 · Cited by 1
“Several groups developed pandemic impact measures early in the pandemic, including the Epidemic–Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII; Grasso et al., 2020) and the COVID Stress Scales (Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCovid Stres Ölçeği (CSÖ): Türkçe Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması
Öztürk, Y. E., KIRAÇ, R., & GÖDE, A. (2022) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.944137 · Cited by 1
Shimamoto, K., McElroy, E., & Ibuka, Y. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101269 · Cited by 1
“As such, there has been increasing recognition of the multidimensionality of COVID-related anxiety during the pandemic, and several new COVID-specific anxiety measures have been developed, tested and validated (Ahorsu et al., 2020; Bernardo et al., 2020; McElroy et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
Huerta, D. G. E. (2022) · Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.37811/cl_rcm.v6i5.3150 · Cited by 3
COVID Stress Scales (CSS): evidências psicométricas no contexto brasileiro
Brito, R. C. S., Freire, S. E. D. A., & da Silva, P. G. N. (2022) · Actualidades en Psicología · doi:10.15517/ap.v36i133.43688 · Cited by 2
The Effect of Fear of COVID-19 on Demonstrating Personal Health Behavior and Prosocial Behavior
SANCAR, T., & YALMAN, F. (2022) · International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal · doi:10.47897/bilmes.1174680 · Cited by 1
Is COVID-Somnia Fact or Fiction?
Okajima, I. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2022.01466 · Cited by 1
“The two scales most frequently used are the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 (SAVE-9) [16] and the COVID Stress Scale (CSS) [17].”
Quirama, T. C., Restrepo, J. E., & Cruz, R. Z. (2022) · Revista Médicas UIS · doi:10.18273/revmed.v35n3-2022005 · Cited by 1
Impulsive Buying as a Response to COVID-19-Related Negative Psychological States
Dursun, İ., Kılıç, H. Y., & Aralık, E. (2023) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8565-1.ch007 · Cited by 1
THE LITERATURE LANDSCAPE OF COVID-19 AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
E-Vahdati, S., AZAR, N., & Shahreki, J. (2023) · Journal of Sustainability Science and Management · doi:10.46754/jssm.2023.01.001 · Cited by 1
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СТРЕС, ВИКЛИКАНИЙ ПАНДЕМІЄЮ COVID-19: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРЕБІГУ ТА ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ КОРЕЛЯТИ
Хомуленко, Т., & Кислова, І. (2022) · Вісник ХНПУ імені Г С Сковороди Психология · doi:10.34142/23129387.2022.67.11 · Cited by 1
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Mastering the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: From Anxiety to Hope
Krafft, A. M., Chukwuorji, J. C., Choubisa, R., Comte, S., Fenouillet, F., Flores-Lucas, V., Guse, T., Kasprzak, E. K., Martin‐Krumm, C., Marujo, H. Á., et al. (2023) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24412-4_9 · Cited by 1
Hammett, J. F., Ross, B. V., Peddle, A. K., Jaffe, A. E., Duckworth, J. C., Blayney, J. A., & Stappenbeck, C. A. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00601-y · Cited by 1
“The COVID Stress Scale (CSS) measured COVID stress experienced over the past week (Taylor et al., 2020).”
Ma, L., & Clark, E. M. (2023) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12888 · Cited by 1
A mixed-methods investigation of COVID-19 pandemic-specific stress in college students
Dolbier, C. L., Vanacore, S. M., Conder, L., & Guiler, W. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2253929 · Cited by 1
“…supplies 12 ), personal health and loved ones’ well-being, 21,23 finances and work reductions, 12, large-scale concerns (e.g., economy, xenophobia 1 ), social stressors (e.g., social isolation, 46 living with family after being on one’s own 47 ), uncertainty about academic future, 48 and…”
Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevalence, Effects and Predisposing Factors
Şebnem, A. K. A. N. (2023) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1263730 · Cited by 2
Theological perspectives on re-imagining leadership in post-COVID-19 Africa
Coetsee, A. J., Magezi, C., Cornelius, E. M., Viljoen, F. P., Marais, F., Kok, J., Leuven, E. T. F., Kotzé, M., Niemandt, N., & Denton, R. A. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk398 · Cited by 1
Fulkerson, G. M., Thomas, A. R., Kemmerer, K. E., & Scienza, N. (2023) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v11i11.4834 · Cited by 1
Covid- 19 Pandemisinin Hemşirelerin Covid Stresine Etkisi
Ören, B., Çuvadar, A., & Dişsiz, M. (2023) · Sağlık akademisyenleri dergisi/Sağlık akademisyenler dergisi · doi:10.52880/sagakaderg.1258017 · Cited by 1
Oker, A., Laraki, Y., Anders, R., Fongaro, E., Capdevielle, D., & Raffard, S. (2024) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2023.11.010 · Cited by 1
Pandemic Effects on Stability of End-of-Life Preferences and Patient-Surrogate Dyad Congruence
Song, M., Paul, S., Pelkmans, J. L., & Ward, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2024.03.016 · Cited by 1
Sulidah, S., Sugiyatmi, T. A., Efendi, F., Susanti, I. A., & Bushy, A. (2024) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/14484 · Cited by 1
Barimani, P., Shahabizadeh, F., Ahi, Q., & Safara, M. (2024) · Journal of Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling · doi:10.61838/kman.jarac.6.2.6 · Cited by 1
A Worldwide Bibliometric Analysis of Published Literature Assessing Fear of COVID-19
Cebrino, J., & de la Cruz, S. P. (2024) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.3390/clinpract14030054 · Cited by 1
“To do this, healthcare providers require a reliable tool to analyze an individual’s psychological reactions to COVID-19 throughout the pandemic [22].”
MethodNandal, N., Tanwar, R., Saketh, M., & Pilania, U. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0700-3_11 · Cited by 1
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COVID-19 BRIEF ANXIETY SCALE IN OMAN
Khalaf, M. A. (2024) · The Indonesian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.20473/ijph.v19i1.2024.28-43 · Cited by 2
Jug, B., Sedlar, N., Stojinic, D., Lainščak, M., & Farkaš, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1373684 · Cited by 1
“Following the factor structure of the standard COVID-19 Stress Scale (25), items capturing COVID-19 related fears of becoming infected (4 items), perceived risk of infection when coming into contact with possibly contaminated objects or surfaces (4 items), compulsive checking and reassurance regarding possible pandemi…”
MethodInfluentialThe Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
Khalifah, R. A. A., Younis, A. S., Suwaidan, H. I. A., Alanazi, N., & Baghdadi, L. R. (2023) · Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine · doi:10.4103/jnsm.jnsm_130_21 · Cited by 1
Park, J., & Park, S. (2024) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0443 · Cited by 1
“42 While one study identified fear of COVID-19 and restrictions in daily life as risk factors for depression and anxiety in Koreans, 40 our study confirmed three factors of COVID-19 stress (i.e., fear of infection, difficulties in social distancing, and anger toward others), in line with a prior…”
BackgroundResultFear, death anxiety, and religious coping in response to COVID-19 among older adults in Turkey
İlaslan, E., Kalav, S., & Özkan, İ. (2024) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2024.2437403 · Cited by 1
“There are many studies that indicate that anxiety and fear of contracting COVID-19 is affected by potential health impacts and also by socioeconomic effects (Cerda & Garcia, 2022; Joffe, 2021; Pakpour & Griffiths, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
Kawsar, L. A., Noor, S. T. A., Islam, M. A., & Bhuia, M. R. (2025) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2025.100108 · Cited by 4
“For instance, Arpaci et al. [28] developed a 20-item COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-SE), Lee [34] developed a 5-item Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), S¸ims¸ir et al. [35] created a 7-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FC-19S), and Taylor et al. [36] developed COVID Stress Scales (CSS) which has 36 items.”
Zhu, Q., Quan, X., Luo, Z., Shang, Y., Zhu, X., Bao, W., Shang, M., Li, P., Gao, F., Wang, W., et al. (2025) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-025-02384-w · Cited by 1
“In response to these challenges, a variety of standardized tools have been refined to assess the mental health effects [3–5].”
Yang, H. X., Wan, W., Zhang, F., Yang, N., & Wu, Q. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70014 · Cited by 1
Sensation seeking, impulsivity, COVID-19 stress, and drinking among emerging adults
Thibault, T., Thompson, K., Keough, M. T., Krank, M. D., Conrod, P., & Stewart, S. H. (2025) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104665 · Cited by 1
Yellamsetty, A., & Shin, M. (2025) · Audiology Research · doi:10.3390/audiolres15050132 · Cited by 1
“For example, during early lockdowns in 2020, only 2% of a North American sample reported a COVID-19 diagnosis yet 20% experienced elevated anxiety and depression [4].”
Technology as a Psychological Healer: A Digital War against Covid-19
Jaswal, P., Singla, S., Kaushik, N., & Guleri, T. S. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research · doi:10.47583/ijpsrr.2020.v64i01.030 · Cited by 1
“27,28 As per the Canadian and United States human sampling data 6 , a recently developed the COVID STRESS SCALES (CSS) 29 identified some factors of stress and anxiety symptoms relating to the coronavirus and i.e. danger and contamination, compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking, traumatic stress symptoms, coronav…”
BackgroundFear of COVID-19 during confinement in Mauritius
Goorah, S. S. D., Cheeneebash, J., Gopaul, A., & Ramchurn, S. K. (2020) · Emerald Open Research · doi:10.35241/emeraldopenres.13973.1 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 as a Traumatic Event: Mental Health Lessons from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Tillman, B., & Rogers, C. (2020) · HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine · doi:10.36518/2689-0216.1145 · Cited by 1
Pagé, M. G., Lacasse, A., Dassieu, L., Hudspith, M., Moor, G., Sutton, K., Thompson, J. M., Dorais, M., Janelle-Montcalm, A., Sourial, N., et al. (2021) · Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.41.5.01f · Cited by 1
الضبع, ف. ع. ا. (2021) · المجلة التربوية لکلية التربية بسوهاج · doi:10.21608/edusohag.2021.164328 · Cited by 1
Health beliefs about COVID-19: Instrument for assessment and expression of beliefs
Živković, T., Stanojević, D. Z., & Radović, O. (2021) · Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini · doi:10.5937/zrffp51-29837 · Cited by 1
A Rasch analysis of the fear of coronavirus-19 scale in South Africa
Peral, S. L., Morgan, B., & Redelinghuys, K. (2021) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1861 · Cited by 1
“Other scales include, for example, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) stress scale (Taylor et al., 2020), the coronavirus anxiety scale (Lee, 2020) and the COVID-19 phobia scale (Arpaci, Karatas, & Baloğlu, 2020), although it appears that the FCV-19S scale has received the most research attention with 864 Google…”
MethodIntervenções psicológicas frente à COVID-19: uma revisão integrativa da literatura
Rodrigues, F. F., Feltens, A., Ródio-Trevisan, K. R., Sedor, L. D. A., & Alves, R. B. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Psicoterapia · doi:10.5935/2318-0404.20210014 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of dentists' stress and anxiety levels in the COVID-19 pandemic
Yarkaç, F. U., Atay, Ü. T., Dinçer, N. N., & Öncü, E. (2021) · International Dental Research · doi:10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.38 · Cited by 1
The Effectiveness of Government Public Relation in COVID-19 Era
Ramdhan, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Economics and Business Letters · doi:10.55942/jebl.v1i2.104 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, Taylor et al. (2020) show that studies and clinical observations have shown that during a pandemic, many people will show signs of stress or anxiety, which could include feelings of fear regarding contracting a disease, of making contact with potentially contaminated surfaces, or of those who are foreign and…”
BackgroundInfluentialArora, U., Chaudhary, C., Babu, G. K., Kona, J. S. P., & Babji, K. (2021) · MRIMS Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4103/mjhs.mjhs_18_21 · Cited by 1
Eichenberg, C., Grossfurthner, M., Andrich, J., Kietaibl, S. A., & Holocher-Benetka, S. (2021) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-1591-1305 · Cited by 1
“Diese fokussieren entweder die Be-lastung insgesamt [6, 7], psychischer Aspekte wie z. B. Angst [8] oder haben zum Ziel, bestimmte Risikogruppen identifizieren, die pandemische Stressreaktionen entwickeln [9].”
BackgroundChandu, V. C., Lingamaneni, K. P., Baddam, V. R. R., Pachava, S., Marella, Y., & Bommireddy, V. S. (2021) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_71_21 · Cited by 1
Zuhal Beyza, A. T. A. K., & Alkar, Ö. Y. (2022) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.973914 · Cited by 1
Padilla-Rivas, G. R., Delgado-Gallegos, J. L., Arellanos-Soto, D., Franco-Villareal, H., Cosío-León, M. D. L. Á., Avilés-Rodríguez, G. J., Zúñiga-Violante, E., Romo-Cárdenas, G. S., & Islas, J. F. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.110544.1 · Cited by 1
ESTRESSE NO TRABALHO DA ENFERMAGEM EM UMA EMERGÊNCIA OBSTÉTRICA NA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19
de Sousa, L. S., Fernandes, B. K. C., Brito, N. S., Sousa, G. P. C. L., Souto, R. E. M., & Rodrigues, D. P. (2022) · Revista Enfermagem Atual In Derme · doi:10.31011/reaid-2022-v.96-n.38-art.1329 · Cited by 1
Predictors of Latina Undergraduate Psychology Students’ Resilience
Badiee, M. (2022) · Journal of Hispanic Higher Education · doi:10.1177/15381927221096537 · Cited by 1
“This subscale had an initial reliability estimate of .94 (Taylor et al., 2020) and .95 in the current sample.”
BackgroundMethodPengaruh Kelelahan dalam Bermedia Sosial Terhadap Rasa Takut Covid-19
Shyahnaz, S. S., & Takwin, B. (2022) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Psikologi dan Kesehatan (J-P3K) · doi:10.51849/j-p3k.v3i1.138 · Cited by 1
Stress, Techno-Pedagogical Skills, and Quality of Life among Faculty of a Local University in Laguna
Greganda, M. G. G. (2022) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS · doi:10.47191/ijmra/v5-i5-32 · Cited by 1
The Impact of COVID-19 on Behavior and Perception Changes: Role of Socio-Demographic Disparities
Zhou, T. H. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.220504.538 · Cited by 1
Ahmed, S. A., & Çerkez, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804071 · Cited by 1
“As a result, individuals are having substantial difficulties managing their daily lives and fulfilling their commitments under the current circumstances (Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFirdaus, F., Hasina, S. N., & Setianto, B. (2022) · Bali Medical Journal · doi:10.15562/bmj.v11i2.3419 · Cited by 1
Maia, J. L., Maia, F. L., & de Castro, C. A. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12737-3_24 · Cited by 1
The COVID-19 Psychological Distress Scale (CPDS-16): Development and initial validation
Verma, S., Sahni, S. P., Pandehy, K. K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022) · Journal of Concurrent Disorders · doi:10.54127/tzsj4223 · Cited by 1
Barbosa, A. C., Costa, A. I., Garcia, S., Dias, R. P., & Mesquita, E. M. (2023) · Acta Médica Portuguesa · doi:10.20344/amp.18175 · Cited by 1
Муращенкова, Н. В. (2022) · Monitoring obŝestvennogo mneniâ: èkonomičeskie i socialʹnye peremeny · doi:10.14515/monitoring.2022.6.2261 · Cited by 1
Rostami, H., Behrouzian, F., & Asl, E. M. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.28.3.2146.2 · Cited by 1
Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S)
Lin, C., & Pakpour, A. H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89738-3_8-1 · Cited by 1
Adams-Sadiqi, G., & Jiang, Y. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse · doi:10.29173/cjfy29921 · Cited by 1
Willmund, G., Müller, J., Schneegans, N., Höllmer, H., Wesemann, U., Zimmermann, P. L., & Helms, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1141052 · Cited by 1
“This validated 36-item scale measures the following subscales: “fear- and contamination anxiety,” “fear for economic impacts,” “xenophobia,” “compulsive checking,” “search for reassurance,” and “traumatic stress” in relation to COVID-19 (10, 11).”
Background(2023) · Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research · doi:10.37605/pjhssr.v6i1.333
Zougheibe, R., Dewan, A. M., Norman, R., & Gudes, O. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16337-9 · Cited by 1
“Uncertainty around health risks and economic concerns led research to anticipate that significant mental health needs would emerge in public during this pandemic [72].”
BackgroundThe lockdown experience scale for students (LESS)
Conroy, R. M., & Fitzgerald, K. R. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03858-x · Cited by 1
“These findings led to the development of the Covid stress syndrome scale [11, 12].”
BackgroundItem Analysis Of Arabic Language Examination
Mahmudi, I., Nurwardah, A., Rochma, S. N., & Nurcholis, A. (2023) · Ijaz Arabi Journal of Arabic Learning · doi:10.18860/ijazarabi.v6i3.19821 · Cited by 1
Stress as a meaningful variable in models of covid-19 spreadingPreprint
Trenado, C., Santillana, M., & Ruge, D. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kcpqm · Cited by 1
Ripple Effect of a Pandemic: Analysis of the Psychological Stress Landscape during COVID19Preprint
Agarwal, A. K. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dm5x2 · Cited by 1
Soares, L. A. (2021) · University of North Florida Digital Commons (University of North Florida) · Cited by 1
Aswad, E., & Gaynor, K. (2021) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/g5n3e · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Regina (CA)
- Baylor University (US)
- Fordham University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Asmundson, Gordon J.G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 102232
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7198206
- OpenAlex
- W3020973746
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 344 · 2020: 123
- FWCI
- 95.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID Stress Scale, COVID-19 pandemic, pandemic stress, anxiety, fear of contamination, economic impact of pandemic, compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, traumatic stress symptoms, scale development, scale validation, mental health screening
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Canada, Fear, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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