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Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales
Open accessAbstract
Research and clinical observations suggest that during times of pandemic many people exhibit stress- or anxiety-related responses that include fear of becoming infected, fear of coming into contact with possibly contaminated objects or surfaces, fear of foreigners who might be carrying infection (i.e., disease-related xenophobia), fear of the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking regarding possible pandemic-related threats, and traumatic stress symptoms about the pandemic (e.g., nightmares, intrusive thoughts). We developed the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS) to measure these features, as they pertain to COVID-19. The CSS were developed to better understand and assess COVID-19-related distress. The scales were intentionally designed so they could be readily adapted for future pandemics. The CSS were developed and initially validated in population-representative samples from Canada (N = 3479) and the United States (N = 3375). A stable 5-factor solution was identified, corresponding to scales assessing COVID-related stress and anxiety symptoms: (1) Danger and contamination fears, (2) fears about economic consequences, (3) xenophobia, (4) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and (5) traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19. The scales performed well on various indices of reliability and validity. The scales were intercorrelated, providing evidence of a COVID Stress Syndrome. The scales offer promise as tools for better understanding the distress associated with COVID-19 and for identifying people in need of mental health services.
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“Since the onset of the pandemic, an important number of studies have been interested in its psychological impacts and showed increases in rates of mental health disturbances.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, faced with the increase in the prevalence of psychological distress [3,4], it seems useful to invest in the development of prevention tools.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the CSS is a novel measure, initial data suggest that the CSS is reliable (Cronbach’s α for individual subscales ranged from 0.86–0.95) and valid [97].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“While an initial five-factor structure was proposed, subsequent studies have proposed a six-factor solution [97,98].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“As per Taylor et al. (2020), anxiety mainly related to worries about catching the virus and socio‐economic concerns.”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Taylor et al. (2020)
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“The CSS is a 36-item measure of COVID distress.”
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The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation
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“To date, there has been little empirical attention devoted to this issue; indeed, while several measures of COVID-19-related fears have recently emerged (e.g., Ahorsu et al., 2020) , they tend to be unidimensional (i.e., focused on general fear aspects of and are based on limited psychometric evaluation.”
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Items 701–800 of 999
COVID-19-related anxiety: the role of intolerance to uncertainty and resilience
Vousoura, E., Makrygiorgos, N., Tsarpalis-Fragkoulidis, A., & Nega, C. (2022) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.28862 · Cited by 5
АДАПТАЦІЯ МЕТОДИКИ CSC (COVID STRESS SCALE) ДЛЯ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СТРЕСУ, ВИКЛИКАНОГО ПАНДЕМІЄЮ COVID-19
Хомуленко, Т., Кислова, І., & Запорожець, Ю. (2021) · Вісник ХНПУ імені Г С Сковороди Психология · doi:10.34142/23129387.2021.65.19 · Cited by 3
Zhang, J., Fang, Y., Lu, Z., Chen, X., Hong, N., & Wang, C. (2021) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/0046958021997344 · Cited by 3
COVID-19 Lockdown as an Atypical Stressful Situation and Ways of Coping with It
Lelek‐Kratiuk, M., & Szczygieł, M. (2021) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.24425/ppb.2021.137256 · Cited by 3
“Taylor et al. (2020), who developed the COVID Stress Scales, isolated five factors causing stress and anxiety in relation to the coronavirus in two large groups of respondents from Canada and the USA.”
BackgroundCarney, J. R., Behrens, B., & Miller‐Graff, L. E. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211061411 · Cited by 3
“Emergent literature has utilized a range of different terms and assessments; some have assessed individuals’ exposure to pandemic-related events, while others have assessed evaluations of internal perceptions of stress and stressor severity (Kujawa et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundConstruct and Measurement of The COVID-19 Pandemic Stress
Choi, H., & Choi, H. (2022) · THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY · doi:10.23844/kjcp.2022.05.34.2.643 · Cited by 3
Análise do estresse e tópicos discutidos no Twitter durante a pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil
Peres, D. R. S., da Silva, G. F., Faria, E. R., & Barioni, M. C. N. (2023) · Anais do Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (BraSNAM) · doi:10.5753/brasnam.2023.229752 · Cited by 3
Arnold, T. L., Kunicki, Z. J., Rogers, B. G., Haubrick, K. K., Klasko-Foster, L. B., Norris, A. L., Drohan, M. M., Greaney, M. L., & Cohen, S. A. (2021) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721421997200 · Cited by 3
“Further, one of the most widely used scales—COVID Stress Scales—is valid and reliable but designed to measure clinically significant anxiety specific to COVID19, including: (1) danger and contamination fears, (2) fears about economic consequences, (3) xenophobia, (4) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and (5…”
BackgroundMethodAntecedents of COVID ‐19 rumination: A three‐wave study
Caniëls, M. C. J., Nikolova, I., Hatak, I., & de Weerd-Nederhof, P. C. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12832 · Cited by 5
Measuring COVID-19 Fear and Threat in Australian, Indian, and Nepali University StudentsPreprint
Collins, F. E. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4s65q · Cited by 3
Delgado-Gallegos, J. L., Avilés-Rodriguez, G., Padilla-Rivas, G. R., Cosio-León, M. D. L. Á., Franco-Villareal, H., Zuñiga-Violante, E., Romo-Cardenas, G. S., & Islas, J. F. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.20233288 · Cited by 3
The association between facets of mindfulness and COVID-19 related distress: A cross-sectional study
Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., & Duijndam, S. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103826 · Cited by 2
Primi, C., Giuli, M., Baroni, E., Zurkirch, V. P., Galanti, M., Belloni, L., Gori, C., & Donati, M. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054082 · Cited by 2
“During the COVID-19 pandemic (Table 1), several measures were developed to capture distress or anxiety, sleep problems, or post-traumatic stress symptoms in the population, such as the COVID Stress Scales (CSSs) [22]; the COVID-19 Fear Scale (FCV-19S) [23]; the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) [24], and the COVID-19 Bu…”
BackgroundMethodInfluence of mothers’ stress on their infants’ stress level: A preliminary study
Ikeda, S., & Mitsuishi, H. (2024) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.52965/001c.93908 · Cited by 2
Nawi, M. A., Lau, S. C. D., Chin, S.-T., Teh, K. H., Betty, L. S. H., & Alias, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1223362 · Cited by 2
A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of COVID-19 on Optimism Prediction
Isato, A., Aizawa, Y., Miyamae, M., & Yamada, M. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241277480 · Cited by 2
“Similar to Study 1, the future prediction task, BHS (Beck et al., 1974), and BDI-II (Beck et al., 1996) were used for analysis as well as the COVID Stress Scale (CSS; Taylor et al., 2020).”
Nguyen, A. T., Slaughter, F. A., Smith, S., Katz, D. A., Prabhu, S., Wang, L., Simoni, J. M., Tsui, J. I., & Graham, S. M. (2024) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid4100112 · Cited by 2
Kowalsky, J. M., Mitchell, A. M., & Okdie, B. M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3490 · Cited by 4
Kokubun, K. (2025) · AJPM Focus · doi:10.1016/j.focus.2025.100456 · Cited by 2
“83,84 Employees who experienced excessive stress and emotional fatigue owing to COVID-19 tended to have less energy, which negatively affected their safety compliance behavior.”
From Fear of Death to Travel Intention: Do Residential Tourism Clusters Matter?
Jeong, J. Y., Kim, J., Han, H. S., & Chung, W. (2026) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.70243 · Cited by 2
Bhatt, M., & Sharma, D. (2020) · Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems · doi:10.15439/2020km241 · Cited by 3
Maytles, R., Frenkel-Yosef, M., & Shrira, A. (2021) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610221001125 · Cited by 2
“A COVID-19 concern questionnaire with 13 items taken from previous studies (Bergman et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
MethodEstratégias de coping adotadas pelos profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia da COVID-19
Couto, R. N., da Fonsêca, P. N., Castro, J. L. D. C., Guimarães, C. L. C., & de Medeiros, É. D. (2022) · Actualidades en Psicología · doi:10.15517/ap.v36i133.43470 · Cited by 2
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Saalwirth, C., & Leipold, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1129066 · Cited by 3
“How multilayered fear of COVID-19 was defined by previous research can easily be seen by examining the various questionnaires that were developed to measure fear of COVID-19, such as the COVID Stress Scales (Taylor et al., 2020), the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (Ahorsu et al.”
BackgroundKogel, L. M., Steeb, N., Salewski, L., Dadaczynski, K., Okan, O., Messer, M., & Rathmann, K. (2023) · Springer Reference Pflege, Therapie, Gesundheit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-62800-3_90-1 · Cited by 2
Changes in Stress Levels During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Involvement in Criminal Behavior
Swinehart, M. L., Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., & Manning, W. D. (2023) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2023.2233042 · Cited by 2
“…et al. 2021; Kerr et al. 2021; Lee et al. 2022; Manning et al. 2021; Pfefferbaum and North 2020), and others have experienced increased feelings of general stress and pandemic-specific stress (Qui et al. 2020; Taylor et al. 2020b, 2020a; Wang et al. 2020; Zhang and Ma; Zhang and Zheng Feei 2020).”
BackgroundMethodTan, Y., Lin, X., Chen, H., Xu, M., Tang, Y., Gao, P., Ren, W., & Zhang, D. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s415240 · Cited by 2
“90.(47) The results showed that the four dimensions had an excellent fit: χ(2)/df = 2.”
BackgroundA social network analysis: mental health scales used during the COVID-19 pandemic
Chen, S., Lan, X., & Han, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199906 · Cited by 3
“To address a gap in the mental health response to this escalating public health catastrophe, researchers created a set of mental health screeners that may be used to accurately detect likely instances of dysfunctional anxiety and the severity of symptoms related to COVID-19, including the CAS, Corona Disease Anxiety S…”
MethodDevelopment and validation of the COVID-19 Impact Scale in Australia
McCormick, K. M., Sethi, S., Haag, D. G., Macedo, D. M., Hedges, J., Quintero, A., Smithers, L. G., Roberts, R., Zimet, G. D., Jamieson, L., et al. (2023) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2023.2247323 · Cited by 3
“The instrument ’ s good psychometric properties were further confirmed in countries such as Egypt and Saudi Arabia 29 , Iran 30 , Poland 31 , among others [for example, see Galanis et al. 32 ] To the best of our knowledge, neither the Fear of COVID-19 Scale nor the COVID-19 Stress Scales have been validated in Austral…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLucas, P. A., Lucas, K. T., & Marcum, C. D. (2023) · International Journal for Court Administration · doi:10.36745/ijca.476 · Cited by 2
Joudeh, J. M. M., Allan, M. S., Abu-Loghod, N. A., Khader, J. A., & Al-Gasawneh, J. A. (2023) · International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology · doi:10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.2029 · Cited by 3
“The danger of infection is significantly higher for workers who deal with individuals regularly and express their fear, anxiety, and worry about becoming infected [29,30].”
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Mapping Research on Xenophobia Increasing Visibility with Social Media: A Bibliometric Analysis
Çelik, F. (2023) · Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.47951/mediad.1391213 · Cited by 2
Landrum, K. R., Gaynes, B. N., Akello, H., Malava, J., Dussault, J. M., Hosseinipour, M. C., Udedi, M. M., Masiye, J., Zimba, C. C., & Pence, B. W. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298546 · Cited by 2
Forghani, M. D., Bougar, M. R., Khodarahimi, S., Hormozi, M. K., & Mazraeh, N. (2024) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2023.07.002 · Cited by 2
Automatic Stress Recognition Using FACS from Prominent Facial Regions
Gupta, P., Maji, S., Jain, V. K., & Agarwal, S. (2024) · International Conference on Pioneering Developments in Computer Science & Digital Technologies (IC2SDT) · doi:10.1109/ic2sdt62152.2024.10696279 · Cited by 2
Promoters and Barriers of Vaccine Hesitancy
Duradoni, M., Tosti, A. E., Colombini, G., Masti, F., Licata, A. L., Zanobini, P., Materassi, L., & Guazzini, A. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241302266 · Cited by 3
Associations between fear of COVID-19 and mental health in Ghana: A sequential mediation model
Ye, J., Huang, P., Adjaottor, E. S., Addo, F.-M., Griffiths, M. D., Ahorsu, D. K., & Lin, C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41407 · Cited by 2
Jia, X., Zhong, H., Wang, Q., & Wu, Q. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15010073 · Cited by 2
“The widespread virus caused fear of infection (Taylor et al., 2020), worry about the shortage supply of pharmaceutical products and food, and concerns about the capability of the local medical system (Socal et al., 2021).”
Kokubun, K., Ino, Y., & Ishimura, K. (2025) · Merits · doi:10.3390/merits5010004 · Cited by 4
“However, it should be emphasized that such anxiety and fear are closely related to the risk of causing mental disorders such as stress, burnout, depression, and loneliness [10,11].”
Sun, Y., Wang, F., Li, Z., Du, S., & Meng, Y. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07548-x · Cited by 2
“COVID-19 stress was measured with the COVID-19 Stress Scale (Taylor et al., 2020 ).”
Badillo-Sánchez, N., Toscano, C. M., Allande‐Cussó, R., Gómez-Salgado, J. C., Yıldırım, M., Goniewicz, K., Macías-Toronjo, I., & Fagundo-Rivera, J. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13091058 · Cited by 2
“…psychometric instruments have been developed to assess mental health during the pandemic, including the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) [23], the COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS) [24], and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) [25], all of which have demonstrated utility in university settings [26–28].”
Arsenault, K. A., MacNab, Y. C., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Hadjistavropoulos, T. (2025) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643251345422 · Cited by 2
“The CSS have demonstrated strong psychometric properties ( α = .83 – .94; Taylor et al., 2020b), and robust cross-cultural reliability and validity (Rachor et al., 2023).”
InfluentialReligiosity, divine control and consumer resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic
Grimes, A., Roper, S., & Hampson, D. P. (2025) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2025.2542932 · Cited by 2
“Multi-item scales measured internal locus of control (six items from Esparza et al., 2015) and fear of danger and contamination in relation to COVID-19 (six items from Taylor et al., 2020).”
From Bugs to Sickness: Disgust Evaluation of Ancestral, Modern, and Pandemic Threats
Janovcová, M., Polák, J., Končická, A., Chomik, A., Kaňková, Š., Frynta, D., & Landová, E. (2025) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-025-00442-6 · Cited by 2
“…the context of the Ebola and H1N1 epidemic by Wheaton et al., 2012 and Blakey & Abramowitz (2016), assessing behaviours that people performed during the pandemic, and the COVID Stress Scales (C-19SS; Taylor et al., 2020), which assesses fears, problems, and control behaviours during the pandemic.”
The coronavirus pandemic's socio-psychological paradox
Литвинова, Л. В., Дзибоевич, К. А., Губарева, Л. И., & Abakarova, E. G. (2020) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202021016014 · Cited by 2
Medidas desenvolvidas para avaliar os impactos psicológicos da pandemia de COVID-19:
Reis, L. M., Pereira, C. J., Freire, S. E. D. A., & de Medeiros, É. D. (2020) · Salud & Sociedad · doi:10.22199/issn.0718-7475-2020-0006 · Cited by 2
Investigation of COVID-19 Perceived Risk in Public Hospital Workers in Turkey
Özkan, O., ÖZMEN, S., Özer, Ö., & Erçoban, N. (2021) · Hospital Topics · doi:10.1080/00185868.2021.1884821 · Cited by 2
Kostrigin, A. A., & Козлова, Л. В. (2021) · Познание · doi:10.37882/2500-3682.2021.03.07 · Cited by 2
Baroncelli, A., Tomberli, L., Taddei, M., & Ciucci, E. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02701-2 · Cited by 2
“…number of studies showing that individuals who cope with threatening events with a disposition according to which benefits may come out of adversity present an adaptive growth in both intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (Affleck & Tennen, 1996; Taylor et al., 2020; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004).”
BackgroundCovid-19 Stress, Smoking and Heavy Drinking Behaviors in University Students in Singapore
Kristman-Valente, A. N., Yong, M., Suh, H., & McCarty, C. A. (2023) · The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research · doi:10.7895/ijadr.395 · Cited by 2
Changes in alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic among a sample of cannabis users
Miller, K., Laha‐Walsh, K., Albright, D. L., & McDaniel, J. T. (2021) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2021.1875069 · Cited by 2
“Tools utilized to help screen stress such as the COVID stress scale (Taylor et al., 2020), are still being evalu-”
DEMİR, S., Karatepe, H. T., Özçelik, T., Akkuş, G., & OVALI, H. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research · doi:10.5455/jcbpr.22219 · Cited by 2
Khalaf, M. A., & Said, T. T. A. (2021) · Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS] · doi:10.53543/jeps.vol15iss2pp256-276 · Cited by 2
Cognitive behavior therapy for COVID-19 related distress
Moses, K., & Wootton, B. M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824289-6.00007-6 · Cited by 2
Kim, K. S., Kang, P. M., & Kim, H. S. N. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2021.016470 · Cited by 2
“The fear of getting infected, infecting others and financial difficulties have been recognized as among the stressors of pandemic [27].”
BackgroundGumilar, I., Barde, A., Hayati, A. F., Billinghurst, M., & Singh, S. (2021) · IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct) · doi:10.1109/ismar-adjunct54149.2021.00021 · Cited by 2
HİLAL, Ö., & Uslu, T. (2021) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/jhs.v18i4.6246 · Cited by 2
Investigation of the Relationship between Fear of Coronavirus, Coronaphobia and Personality Traits
GÖKKAYA, D., Gürkan, D. Y., & Yorulmaz, R. (2022) · Eastern Journal Of Medicine · doi:10.5505/ejm.2022.24992 · Cited by 3
“When the literature is reviewed, there are studies examining the relationship between the variables such as depression, anxiety, stress, mental health, anxiety and distress with the fear of COVID-19 (5,7,18,27-38).”
Apostol, A.-C., Rădoi, M., Bostan, C. M., & Irimescu, G. (2021) · Scientific Annals of the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Iaşi. #TAB#New Series SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK Section · doi:10.47743/asas-2021-2-664 · Cited by 2
KADINLARIN TAMAMLAYICI ALTERNATİF TEDAVİYE YÖNELİK TUTUMLARININ COVİD-19 KORKUSUYLA İLİŞKİSİ
ÜNVER, H., Işık, K., & ÜNVER, Z. (2022) · Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.47115/jshs.1030234 · Cited by 2
Validation of the Malay Version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale in Malaysia
Ang, C., Lee, K. W., Ho, M. C., Voon, S. P., Ching, S. M., Tan, C. E., Hoo, F. K., & Ooi, P. B. (2022) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.21315/mjms2021.29.3.12 · Cited by 2
d’Ussel, M., Adam, F., Fels, A., Châtellier, G., & Philippart, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.913126 · Cited by 2
Asmundson, G. J. G., Drakes, D. H., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.07.004 · Cited by 4
The Fear Impact of COVID-19 on Stock Markets and Exchange Rates
Özbay, F., & TOSUN, N. (2022) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8856-7.ch001 · Cited by 2
Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the COVID-19 stress scales in Turkish sample
Şahin, M. D., Şen, S., & Güler, D. (2022) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.1067542 · Cited by 2
Ergenlerin Covid-19 Korkusunun Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Düzeylerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi
DÖĞER, S. S. (2022) · Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.52096/jsrbs.8.16.42 · Cited by 2
Psychometric properties of the “Stress Scale for Transmissible Diseases” in times of Covid-19
Anicama, J., Ignacio, F., Pizarro, R., Pineda, C., Aguirre, M., Vallenas, F., Talla, K., & Conza, B. B. B. (2022) · Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual · doi:10.51668/bp.8322213s · Cited by 2
COVID-19 Vaccination and Mental Stress within Diverse Sociodemographic Groups
Khan, W., Khan, B., Yasen, S., Al-Dahiri, A., Al‐Jumeily, D., Dajani, K. F., & Hussain, A. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912932 · Cited by 2
“As such, COVID-19 could be linked with various stress responses known as COVID-19 stress syndrome in which the COVID-19 stress scale (CSS) has been utilised to measure its severity and was introduced by Taylor et al. [11].”
Avşar, A. Ş., & Avşar, V. (2022) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-022-00155-9 · Cited by 2
“There are scales developed in the literature to determine the effects of COVID19 on OC symptoms (Lee, 2020b; Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychometric properties of the Persian version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S)
Bandari, R., Heravi‐Karimooi, M., Khosravi, S., Yosefi, P., Omidian, M., & Montazeri, A. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04507-9 · Cited by 2
“The original version of the CSS showed suitable psychometric features in American and Canadian populations [14] The psychometric properties of the Persian COVID stress scale (Persian-CSS) showed satisfactory results [15].”
A turisztikai fogyasztók magatartásának vizsgálata a Covid19-pandémia első hullámának árnyékában
Kökény, L., & Kenesei, Z. (2022) · Socio hu · doi:10.18030/socio.hu.2022.4.30 · Cited by 2
Freires, L. A., Fernandes, S. C. S., Castro, A. M. F. D. M., de Oliveira, L. C., Torres, L. F. F., & Santos, E. F. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Educação · doi:10.1590/s1413-24782023280007 · Cited by 2
Kim, S. H., & Lim, K. (2023) · Asian Oncology Nursing · doi:10.5388/aon.2023.23.1.19 · Cited by 2
Kulesza, W. M., & Doliński, D. (2023) · SpringerBriefs in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34706-1 · Cited by 2
Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Yang, J., Liu, C., & Yin, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1267943 · Cited by 2
Development and Validation of Korean ‘COVID-blues’ Social Syndrome Scale
Ahn, C., & Noh, G.-Y. (2023) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2023.2279668 · Cited by 2
“…were included to measure how much individuals are afraid of being infected of COVID-19 (Ahorsu et al., 2020; Harkness, Behar-Zusman, & Safren, 2020; Lee, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020b), The current study adopted 7-items from FCV-19S (Ahorsu et al., 2020) and modified them to fit the current study.”
BackgroundMethodBarrero, M. J. O., Matar-Khalil, S., & Campos, J. G. (2023) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.12290 · Cited by 1
“Particularmente, en epidemias y desastres se presentan síntomas de estrés postraumático, de depresión y de ansiedad, los cuales afectan de manera significativa la calidad de vida (Guessoum et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
Kelly, E. L., Siebach, K. F., DeHorn, G., & Lovejoy, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305334 · Cited by 2
Szabó, C., Pukánszky, J., & Kemény, L. V. (2020) · Egészségfejlesztés · doi:10.24365/ef.v61i4.633 · Cited by 2
Kosić, A., & Ignjatović, T. D. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97858 · Cited by 3
“More recently, several scales measuring fear of the Coronavirus have been proposed in the literature [63, 72, 73], but were not yet available at the time of this study.”
BackgroundPsychological Perspectives on COVID-19
Hosseini-Nezhad, S., Safdar, S. F., Hosseini-Nezhad, P., & Luu, L. A. N. (2022) · Contributions to economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89996-7_14 · Cited by 2
Park, C. H. K., Ahmed, O., Lee, S., Suh, S. A., Chung, S., & Gouin, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.807312 · Cited by 2
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, several rating scales were developed for this purpose such as the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (10), the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (11), the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (12), the COVID-19-Anxiety Questionnaire (13), the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (14), the Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale…”
MethodStress symptoms and reactions to COVID-19: A multinational survey from six Asian regionsPreprint
Yue, R. P. H., Cheng, E. W., Or, N. H. K., & Yuen, S. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.20179762 · Cited by 2
Iimura, S. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2u6wq · Cited by 2
OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCIENCE GROWTH AMIDST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Zayachkivska, О., & Chevtchik, O. (2021) · Proceedings of the Shevchenko Scientific Society Medical Sciences · doi:10.25040/ntsh2021.01.01 · Cited by 2
“Проте варто пам’ятати про побічні ефекти такого стилю життя, що опосередковано чи безпосередньо сприяє хронічному стресу, пов’язаному з COVID-19 [17; 18], це підтверджують результати досліджень самопочуття студентів-медиків Львівського національного медичного університету імені Данила Галицького [19].”
Gomez, R., Tullett-Prado, D., Watson, S., & Stavropoulos, V. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-966118/v1 · Cited by 2
Effects of Pre-Existing Social Anxiety on Mental Health Outcomes During the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Ho, J. T. K., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/b6xjm · Cited by 2
REMOVED DUE TO POLICY VIOLATIONSPreprint
Brown, C. R. H., Feng, Y.-C., Costin, V., Hirsch, C. R., Wang, Y., (6966461), Y. W., Chew, J., Kenny, J., & Allen, P. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/h4bca · Cited by 2
War-related stress scalePreprint
Vargová, L., Jozefiaková, B., Lačný, M., & Adamkovic, M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/f3c98 · Cited by 2
Newman, P. A., Chakrapani, V., Massaquoi, N., Williams, C. C., Tharao, W. E., Tepjan, S., Roungprakhon, S., Forbes, J., Sebastian, S., Akkakanjanasupar, P., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.23284380 · Cited by 2
Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the COVID Stress Scale
Bal, M. D., Dişsiz, M., & Bingöl, F. B. (2021) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.21106 · Cited by 14
Vaccine Hunters and Jostlers May Have Hurt the COVID-19 Vaccination Effort
Möllerström, J., & Thunström, L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10348-z · Cited by 1
Factors Affecting the Fear of Covid-19
Yılmaz, F., & Baskıcı, Ç. (2022) · Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi · doi:10.21076/vizyoner.1026865 · Cited by 1
Prevalence of Adjustment Disorder during COVID-19 in Northeast India: An Observational Study
Bala, R., Srivastava, A. K., Ningthoujam, G. D., Potsangbam, T., & Anal, L. (2023) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_464_20 · Cited by 1
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of COVID-19 Distress Scale
Trak, E., Üzümcü, E., İnözü, M., & Hacıömeroğlu, A. B. (2023) · Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.32600/huefd.949751 · Cited by 1
Murashcenkova, N. V. (2023) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2023.0103 · Cited by 1
“, 2021) and is measured by different psychological questionnaires (ahorsu et al., 2022; arpaci et al., 2020; Mertens et al., 2020; Schimmenti et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
Dubar, R. T., Schindler-Ruwisch, J. M., Verghese, M., & Watkins, N. K. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.006 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Regina (CA)
- Baylor University (US)
- Fordham University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Asmundson, Gordon J.G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 102232
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7198206
- OpenAlex
- W3020973746
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 344 · 2020: 123
- FWCI
- 95.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID Stress Scale, COVID-19 pandemic, pandemic stress, anxiety, fear of contamination, economic impact of pandemic, compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, traumatic stress symptoms, scale development, scale validation, mental health screening
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Canada, Fear, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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