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Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales
Open accessAbstract
Research and clinical observations suggest that during times of pandemic many people exhibit stress- or anxiety-related responses that include fear of becoming infected, fear of coming into contact with possibly contaminated objects or surfaces, fear of foreigners who might be carrying infection (i.e., disease-related xenophobia), fear of the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking regarding possible pandemic-related threats, and traumatic stress symptoms about the pandemic (e.g., nightmares, intrusive thoughts). We developed the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS) to measure these features, as they pertain to COVID-19. The CSS were developed to better understand and assess COVID-19-related distress. The scales were intentionally designed so they could be readily adapted for future pandemics. The CSS were developed and initially validated in population-representative samples from Canada (N = 3479) and the United States (N = 3375). A stable 5-factor solution was identified, corresponding to scales assessing COVID-related stress and anxiety symptoms: (1) Danger and contamination fears, (2) fears about economic consequences, (3) xenophobia, (4) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and (5) traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19. The scales performed well on various indices of reliability and validity. The scales were intercorrelated, providing evidence of a COVID Stress Syndrome. The scales offer promise as tools for better understanding the distress associated with COVID-19 and for identifying people in need of mental health services.
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“Since the onset of the pandemic, an important number of studies have been interested in its psychological impacts and showed increases in rates of mental health disturbances.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, faced with the increase in the prevalence of psychological distress [3,4], it seems useful to invest in the development of prevention tools.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the CSS is a novel measure, initial data suggest that the CSS is reliable (Cronbach’s α for individual subscales ranged from 0.86–0.95) and valid [97].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“While an initial five-factor structure was proposed, subsequent studies have proposed a six-factor solution [97,98].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As per Taylor et al. (2020), anxiety mainly related to worries about catching the virus and socio‐economic concerns.”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Taylor et al. (2020)
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“The CSS is a 36-item measure of COVID distress.”
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Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 999
Santos, J. M., & Kawabata, Y. (2023) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221231169219 · Cited by 5
“The COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS; Taylor et al., 2020) is a 36-item self-report questionnaire that was used to measure participants’ COVID-related stress and anxiety.”
MethodGaynor, N., & Fitzgerald, L. M. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231203563 · Cited by 5
“The Covid Stress Scale (Taylor et al., 2020); a scale that has demonstrated both reliability and validity in measuring the impact Covid-19 has had on stress (Taylor et al., 2020), was used to measure Covid-related stress in the present study.”
COVID-19, Job Satisfaction, and Feelings of Occupational Alienation Among American Journalists
Alaimo, K. I., Davis, M. P., & Hopp, T. (2023) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990231207013 · Cited by 4
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“During the corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, stress levels (Park et al. 2020; Prowse et al. 2021; Taylor et al. 2020a, 2020b) and the prevalence of mental health issues (Ettman et al. 2020; Hawes et al. 2021) for general population samples substantially increased.”
Imprint of ancestral and modern threats in human mind – experience of fear, disgust, and anger
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Fear and Panic Buying Behavior Associated with the Outbreak of COVID-19 Pandemic in Palestine
Alfoqahaa, S. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08954-1_95 · Cited by 4
Validation of the Hungarian Version of the COVID Stress Scale (CSS-H)
Pálvölgyi, Á., Morvay-Sey, K., Ács, P., & Paár, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912602 · Cited by 4
“(2020b) [22] used an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with the robust maximum likelihood (RML) method with oblimin rotation to determine the factor structure of their English version questionnaire containing 36 items.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFoster, C. R., Held, M. L., & Carter, A. (2022) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1080/15313204.2022.2155285 · Cited by 5
“Stress related to COVID-19 was assessed using the 36-item COVID Stress Scale (Taylor et al., 2020).”
MethodResultTang, Y.-M., Wu, T.-L., & Liu, H.-T. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021097 · Cited by 4
Estresse em universitários: conhecendo o efeito das atividades remotas no cotidiano pandêmico
Freires, L. A., Fernandes, S. C. S., Castro, A. M. F. D. M., de Oliveira, L. C., Torres, L. F. F., & Santos, E. F. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Educação · doi:10.1590/s1413-24782023280006 · Cited by 4
Shivak, S. M., Caissie, D. M., Power, H. A., Asmundson, A. J. N., & Wright, K. D. (2023) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr/169169 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, Taylor et al. (2020b) reported that individuals with high levels of COVID stress were more likely to have increased levels of health anxiety (HA), anxiety sensitivity (AS), and intolerance of uncertainty (IU).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat is COVID-19 anyway? Narcissism and pandemic attitudes and behaviours
Vint, J., Rachor, G. S., Taylor, S. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112429 · Cited by 4
Hood, M., Sukhawathanakul, P., Hadwin, A., & Rostampour, R. (2023) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth3040086 · Cited by 6
Shearer, E. M., Jordan, S. E., Eliason, K. D., Felker, B. L., Hampole, S. R., Reyes, S. I., Caris, M. K., & Mackintosh, M. (2024) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00387-w · Cited by 4
Doğan, E., Uncu, B., & Duman, R. (2024) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20230801 · Cited by 4
“This scale was developed by Taylor et al. 23 to evaluate the stress caused by COVID-19 in a multidimensional manner.”
MethodBalberan, J. K., & Bengwasan, P. D. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00177-8 · Cited by 7
“The COVID Stress Scale by Taylor et al. [49] was given to the participants to assess their COVID-19 related distress.”
Agarwal, A. K. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100075 · Cited by 4
Hesitancy to Return to the Pre-pandemic Routine
Holeva, V., Parlapani, E., Nikopoulou, V. A., Kostikidou, S., & Diakogiannis, I. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00396-1 · Cited by 4
“Future research could compare the HeQ with COVID-19-related anxiety scales such as the COVID Stress Scales (CSS; Taylor et al., 2020) or the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-12 items (OCI-12; Abramovitch et al., 2021) to explore if increased hesitancy leads to increased COVID-19-related anxiety or health anxiety.”
MethodArroyo, M., Rey, G. N., Tiburcio, M., & Martínez-Vélez, N. A. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00669-x · Cited by 5
“Research has demonstrated that stress has been implicated in the development of anxiety and depressive disorders (Connolly et al., 2010; Park et al., 2019) and shaping behavioral responses (Taylor et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundStress and Coping Strategies among Arizona School-Based Therapists Impacted by COVID-19
Swanson, C., Armstrong-Heimsoth, A., & Stephenson, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools & Early Intervention · doi:10.1080/19411243.2021.2009084 · Cited by 4
“Stress due to coronavirus disease 2019 has been well documented among the general population in North America (Taylor et al., 2020), and since it has been prevalent for over a year, it has undoubtedly become a chronic stressor.”
BackgroundRahmi, F. (2021) · Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.24014/jp.v17i2.13604 · Cited by 4
Behera, R. K., Bala, P. K., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2022) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-11-2021-0718 · Cited by 5
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“pdf), and the COVID Stress Scales (Taylor et al., 2020).”
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“In the context of recreation and leisure establishments, therapeutic servicescapes is expected to be stimuli that influence the psychological/internal states of customers such as COVID stress (Taylor et al., 2020).”
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Brown, C. R. H., Feng, Y.-C., Costin, V., Hirsch, C. R., Wang, Y., Wang, Y.-L., Chew, J., Kenny, J., & Allen, P. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10336-7 · Cited by 6
“In previous investigations, the direct fear of infection has been the primary factor identified in the factor analysis, which loads on a single COVID-19 risk factor (Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundNguyen, P. T. H., Huynh, V.-S., Nguyen, N. N. Y., Le, T. B., Le, P. C., Nantachai, G., & Tran-Chi, V.-L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003629 · Cited by 4
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“The assessment was self-constructed according to the literature, and it consisted of five items (Table A1) [30–34].”
MethodThe Influence of COVID-19, Depression, and Hope on Subjective Well-being in Chinese Adolescents
Chen, Y. (2020) · International Conference on Public Health and Data Science (ICPHDS) · doi:10.1109/icphds51617.2020.00070 · Cited by 5
Drogo, J., Jansen, C., & Laprévote, V. (2021) · La Presse Médicale Formation · doi:10.1016/j.lpmfor.2021.06.015 · Cited by 4
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“Fear related to COVID-19 is found to be associated with general psychopatholo gy, general anxiety, health anxiety and depression (Ahorsu et al., 2020; Schimmenti, Starcevic, et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020), functional impairment and dysfunctional coping (Lee, 2020; Nikčević & Spada, 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDevelopment and Validation of the COVID-19 Worries and Fears Scale
Cuadrado, E., Arenas, A., Moyano, M., & Gamma, M. L. (2023) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604600 · Cited by 4
“Its development was based on other previous larger but slightly different instruments [15, 16].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Review of Mindfulness and Communication Sciences and Disorders Students
Beck, A. R. (2021) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2021_persp-20-00294 · Cited by 1
Das, S. S., & Kumar, V. (2021) · Journal of Public Affairs · doi:10.1002/pa.2734 · Cited by 6
“With the increase in the threat perception of the pandemic, the overestimation of health risks (Taylor et al., 2020), and stigmatization of people who are considered to be the source of infection (Bagcchi, 2020) increases.”
BackgroundYazıcı, H., Altun, F., Tosun, C., Özdemir, M., & Karsantık, Y. (2021) · Psycho-Educational Research Reviews · doi:10.52963/perr_biruni_v10.n3.30 · Cited by 4
SARS-CoV-2 & Pediatric Mental Health: A Review of Recent EvidencePreprint
Sajid, M. I., Tariq, J., Waheed, A., Dur-e-Najaf, Balouch, S. S., & Abaidullah, S. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.20136168 · Cited by 5
Leading Through Covid-19: The Impact of Pandemic Stress and What Leaders Can Do About It
Fernandez, K. C., & Clerkin, C. (2021) · doi:10.35613/ccl.2021.2044 · Cited by 4
Papini, S., Dainer‐Best, J., Rubin, M., Zaizar, E. D., Telch, M. J., & Smits, J. A. J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4zr25 · Cited by 4
Who Develops Pandemic Fatigue?Preprint
Taylor, S., Rachor, G. S., & Asmundson, G. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.22269786 · Cited by 1
“Second, our previous 397 COVID-19 research found that social desirability was unrelated to a range of behavioral, 398 attitudinal, and affective variables (20).”
BackgroundRipple Effect of a Pandemic: Analysis of the Psychological Stress Landscape during COVID19Preprint
Agarwal, A. K. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nat49 · Cited by 3
Iordanou, C., & Turner, E. (2024) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2024.2439065 · Cited by 3
“Iimura’s (2022) and other previous work examined people’s stress response to the pandemic using primary scales which measure broader stress-related symptoms (e.g. the Covid Stress Scale, CSS, Taylor et al., 2020).”
Hühne, V., dos Santos‐Ribeiro, S., Moreira‐de‐Oliveira, M. E., de Menezes, G. B., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2025) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852925100497 · Cited by 3
“Scales like the COVID Stress Scale (CSS) 57 and the Coronavirus Traumatic and Stressful Life Events Scale (COROTRAS) 58 have been developed to assess pandemic-related SLEs and have been used in a few studies.”
Building resilience: the long-term psychological impact of COVID-19 on college students
Zhang, Q., Xiao, M., Liu, L., & Yang, K. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08460-0 · Cited by 5
Aperi, S., & Koliouli, F. (2021) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-021-00111-0 · Cited by 4
Psychometric Properties of Coronavirus Anxiety Scale in Iranian Population
Abasi, I., Fard, A. S., Farzin, A., Lee, S. A., Masjedi‐Arani, A., & Poursharifi, H. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.112707 · Cited by 4
“In accordance with the literature regarding nations facing pandemics, it is clear that a large part of populations experience average to high levels of anxiety due to the pandemic (7-12).”
BackgroundKüçükkambak, S. E., & Süler, M. (2022) · Sosyoekonomi · doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.09 · Cited by 3
Predictive Modeling of Healthcare Professional’s Stress Based on XGBoost Model
Gupta, P., Maji, S., & Mehra, R. (2021) · IEEE India Conference · doi:10.1109/indicon52576.2021.9691725 · Cited by 3
Nelson, S. K., Layous, K., Coffey, J. K., & Mayes, L. C. (2023) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12798 · Cited by 3
Kocsis, K., & Lavoie, J. A. A. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale · doi:10.3138/cjccj.2022-0015 · Cited by 3
“Preliminary self-report studies of the COVID-19 outbreak suggested that more than 25% of the Canadian and American general population experienced moderate to severe mental health challenges related to pandemic stress (Taylor et al. 2020a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBoehme, B. A. E., Kinsman, L., Taylor, S. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1381124 · Cited by 4
Mental health dynamics of adolescents: A one-year longitudinal study in Harari, eastern Ethiopia
Hunduma, G., Dessie, Y., Geda, B., Yadeta, T. A., & Deyessa, N. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300752 · Cited by 5
“Because this study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, we anticipated an increase in mental health problems among these susceptible and more vulnerable groups [65].”
ResultPrakash, A., Baghel, J., Raipure, A., Gondode, P. G., Asai, O. G., Balasubramanian, B., & Yadav, A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.65466 · Cited by 3
Redmond, A., Gaynor, K., Naughton, S., & Clarke, M. (2024) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13610 · Cited by 3
“The Covid Traumatic Stress Symptoms scale from the Covid Stress Scales (Taylor et al. 2020) was used to identify retrospectively COVID- 19-related trauma (CRT).”
InfluentialZhao, H., & Xu, S. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104800 · Cited by 4
Impacto del Covid-19 en la salud mental: revisión de la literatura
Palacio, C. A. A., & Bermúdez, J. I. T. (2021) · Revista Repertorio de Medicina y Cirugía · doi:10.31260/repertmedcir.01217372.1180 · Cited by 11
Herrera, S. N., Sarac, C., Bilgrami, Z. R., Dobbs, M. F., Jespersen, R., Haas, S. S., Garg, S., Shaik, R., Landa, Y., & Corcoran, C. M. (2021) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2021.1915369 · Cited by 3
“While there are continuing efforts to better understand the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic (Taylor & Blackford, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020), this case reveals the importance of fostering agency in clients during a time of crisis and ensuring that our biases do not impede us from…”
BackgroundChan, F. H. F., Tao, T. J., Jin, J., Lau, J. Y. F., & Barry, T. J. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-022-10079-5 · Cited by 3
Zaki, K. (2022) · Tourism and hospitality management · doi:10.20867/thm.28.1.8 · Cited by 3
“Several negative feelings were witnessed during Covid-19 in hotels (Naeem 2021): of them employee perceived fears (Degerman, Flinders and Johnson 2020; Doshi et al. 2020), anxiety and phobia (Kaya and Karatepe 2020; Taylor et al. 2020; Agarwal 2021).”
BackgroundCarreño-Moreno, S., Chaparro-Díaz, L., & Mora, Y. Y. P. (2022) · Hacia la Promoción de la Salud · doi:10.17151/hpsal.2022.27.2.9 · Cited by 4
“La escala tiene un rango de puntaje que va desde 36 hasta 180, en donde a mayor puntaje, mayor estrés ante la COVID-19 (19).”
BackgroundHu, J., Liu, J., Huang, Y., Zheng, Z., Yang, D., Zhou, Y., & Wang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1009810 · Cited by 3
Development and initial validation of the attitudes toward face mask use scale (ATFMUS)
Ireri, A. M., Mwangi, C. N., Arhin, V., Oigo, M., Mugo, S., & Munanu, R. N. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12349 · Cited by 3
Keyan, D., Dawson, K. S., Azevedo, S., Yadav, S., Choi‐Christou, J., Maliakkal, D. J., Pillai, M. K., Thomas, E., George, T. S., & Bryant, R. A. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04471-4 · Cited by 3
“Pre-assessment (T0) consists of the following instruments to measure primary and secondary outcomes: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (HADS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5), Coronavirus Stress Scale (CSS), and Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SID…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAplicadas, L. E. T. M. E. E. Á. D. T. F. Y. R. U. P. D. C., & Zevallos-Cabrera, P. (2022) · Gaceta Médica de Caracas · doi:10.47307/gmc.2022.130.4.11 · Cited by 3
Vargová, L., Kačmár, P., Lačný, M., & Baník, G. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04277-x · Cited by 3
“Second, in order to understand covid-related anxiety better, the network approach could offer a valuable insight (Taylor et al., 2020).”
Experiencias de los adolescentes frente al confinamiento y la pandemia de la COVID-19
Sánchez-Xicoténcatl, C. O., Labrandero, M. C., Meza, E. M. E., Gómez, D. S., Solís, A. L. T. R., & Ojeda, E. A. (2022) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.30938 · Cited by 4
Feng, S., Xin, Y.-J., Xiong, S., Chen, Z., Deveci, M., Zamora, D. G., & Pedrycz, W. (2023) · International Journal of Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1007/s40815-023-01510-4 · Cited by 3
“For medical research, the scale is developed as COVID Stress Scales [68] and is used to evaluate the subjective burden and perspective of healthcare providers [69], to assess health technology of optoelectronic biosensors for oncology [70] and so on.”
MethodLiu, T. W., Wong, S. S. S., Pang, R. C. K., & Lee, L. Y. K. (2023) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2023.04.009 · Cited by 3
“This is consistent with the previous finding that COVID-19-related stress is associated with anxiety and depression among the general population (Taylor et al., 2020).”
InfluentialKim, J. S., Lee, T. J., & Kim, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2023.2193195 · Cited by 3
“Taylor et al. (2020) showed COVID-19 stresses are scaled as danger and contamination fears, fears about economic consequences, xenophobia, compulsive checking, and reassurance seeking, and traumatic stress symptoms about the disease among 3,479 Canadians and 3,375 Americans.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Prevalence and Risk Factors of COVID-Stress Syndrome
Houri, A. N. A., Alhouri, A., Zahrawi, H. W., Houri, H. N. A., Asad, B., Arrouk, D. M. N., Jarrar, Y., Al-Thunaibat, A., Latifeh, O., Sharei, A. A., et al. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.39388 · Cited by 3
“Data collection and measures Data were collected from a convenience sample of 2525 students using a structured, validated, and published questionnaire [11].”
MethodSchmitz, R. M., Tabler, J., Charak, R., Cantu, J. I., Gonzales, C. M., & Schmitz, J. J. (2023) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2023.2241026 · Cited by 3
Nahidi, M., Moghaddam, Z. M. H., Tabesh, H., Saleh, L. A., Rohani, F., & Shoib, S. (2023) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000476 · Cited by 3
“Finally, to assess COVID-19-related stress, we used the 36-item COVID Stress Scale (CSS) developed by Taylor and colleagues (Taylor et al ., 2020).”
MethodHan, A., hee-jung, S., Lee, Y.-J., Kim, J., Choi, H., Kim, Y.-S., & Park, S.-H. (2023) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.47.3.13 · Cited by 3
Rachor, G. S., Paluszek, M. M., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89738-3_9-1 · Cited by 3
Solórzano, A. M. J., Rodríguez-Arauz, G., Smith‐Castro, V., Rosabal‐Coto, M., Saborío, S., Raventós, H., & Fernández, B. R. (2023) · Población y Salud en Mesoamérica · doi:10.15517/psm.v21i2.54933 · Cited by 3
“The COVID Stress Scales (CSS), developed by Taylor et al. (2020) from a sample of Canadian adults were also among the set of scales identified by Voitsidis et al. (2021) to measure anxiety, fear, and stress associated to COVID-19.”
BackgroundHe, T., Zhang, X., Li, L., Hu, H., Liu, S., & Lin, X. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12526 · Cited by 3
Ünsal, C., Yalım, E., & Gündoğmuş, İ. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.54538 · Cited by 4
“This collective psychological reaction has been termed COVID-19 stress syndrome and is associated with emotional distress, avoidance behaviors, poor coping strategies, depression, and anxiety [7,9,10].”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, L., Slaughter, F. A., Nguyen, A., Smith, S., Prabhu, S., Beima‐Sofie, K., Wallace, S. E., Crane, H. M., Simoni, J. M., & Graham, S. M. (2024) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2024.2341220 · Cited by 3
“This scale was created by selecting items from the 36-item COVID Stress Scale to capture several dimensions of COVID-19 stress while minimizing participant burden (Taylor et al., 2020).”
Insecure attachment and support-seeking during COVID-19: a sequential mixed methods investigation
Francois‐Walcott, R. R. R., Perks, R. E., Vowels, L. M., & Carnelley, K. B. (2024) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2024.2349577 · Cited by 3
“COVID-19 worry was measured in the using a shortened version of the COVID Stress Scale (Taylor et al., 2020).”
MethodConsumer coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: a perspective of fashion shopping
Han, W., Li, J., & Xu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management · doi:10.1108/jfmm-01-2023-0009 · Cited by 3
Spencer, S. D., Kim, S., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.044 · Cited by 3
Zhang, W., Zhang, J., He, T., Hu, H., Hinshaw, S. P., & Lin, X. (2024) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2024.2395854 · Cited by 3
“…(b) fear of foreigners who might be carrying infection, (c) worry about the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, (d) compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking regarding possible pandemic-related threats, and (e) traumatic stress symptoms about the pandemic (Taylor et al., 2020b, 2020a).”
InfluentialAkbari, M., Seydavi, M., Zamani, E., Jamshidi, S., & Freeston, M. H. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3046 · Cited by 4
Latif, H., Timmer, A., Tessler, H., Iesue, L. T., & Jawaid, A. (2024) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x241288967 · Cited by 3
“Similar measures have been previously used in studies examining pandemic stress (see Buneviciene et al., 2022; Taylor et al., 2020).”
Arsenault, K. A., MacNab, Y. C., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Hadjistavropoulos, T. (2024) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2024.2444348 · Cited by 3
“The CSS (Taylor et al., 2020a) comprise 36 self-report items that measure various stress and anxiety-related responses to pandemics.”
InfluentialHandique, S., & Jang, S. (2025) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2025.2451068 · Cited by 3
“Prior research conducted by Taylor et al. (2020) and Zvolensky et al. (2020) has also highlighted the impact of these factors on individuals’ appraisals and responses to pandemic-related stressors.”
Граждане под короной, или как это делается в Израиле и около
Любов, Е. Б. (2020) · doi:10.32878/devi.20-4-01(6)-55-91 · Cited by 5
Population Stress Reactions in North-East Hungary during the Pandemic
Rucska, A., & Lakatos, C. (2021) · European Journal of Marketing and Economics · doi:10.26417/723yca65o · Cited by 3
Geografi Emosi Tentang COVID-19 pada Pelajar
Andriyani, S., Rahmi, U., Sulastri, A., & Darmawan, D. (2021) · The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.32667/ijid.v7i1.117 · Cited by 3
Kim, Y., & Kim, E.-S. (2022) · Korean Journal of Leisure, Recreation & Park · doi:10.26446/kjlrp.2022.3.46.1.77 · Cited by 3
Almeida, I. M., Slavish, D. C., Rafiuddin, H. S., & Contractor, A. A. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3184 · Cited by 2
“The CSS has good internal consistency for all subscales (α > 0.80), as well as good convergent validity with health anxiety, obsessive‐compulsive contamination, and checking symptoms (Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Regina (CA)
- Baylor University (US)
- Fordham University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Asmundson, Gordon J.G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 102232
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7198206
- OpenAlex
- W3020973746
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 344 · 2020: 123
- FWCI
- 95.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID Stress Scale, COVID-19 pandemic, pandemic stress, anxiety, fear of contamination, economic impact of pandemic, compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, traumatic stress symptoms, scale development, scale validation, mental health screening
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Canada, Fear, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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