The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales
Open accessAbstract
Research and clinical observations suggest that during times of pandemic many people exhibit stress- or anxiety-related responses that include fear of becoming infected, fear of coming into contact with possibly contaminated objects or surfaces, fear of foreigners who might be carrying infection (i.e., disease-related xenophobia), fear of the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking regarding possible pandemic-related threats, and traumatic stress symptoms about the pandemic (e.g., nightmares, intrusive thoughts). We developed the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS) to measure these features, as they pertain to COVID-19. The CSS were developed to better understand and assess COVID-19-related distress. The scales were intentionally designed so they could be readily adapted for future pandemics. The CSS were developed and initially validated in population-representative samples from Canada (N = 3479) and the United States (N = 3375). A stable 5-factor solution was identified, corresponding to scales assessing COVID-related stress and anxiety symptoms: (1) Danger and contamination fears, (2) fears about economic consequences, (3) xenophobia, (4) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and (5) traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19. The scales performed well on various indices of reliability and validity. The scales were intercorrelated, providing evidence of a COVID Stress Syndrome. The scales offer promise as tools for better understanding the distress associated with COVID-19 and for identifying people in need of mental health services.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Since the onset of the pandemic, an important number of studies have been interested in its psychological impacts and showed increases in rates of mental health disturbances.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, faced with the increase in the prevalence of psychological distress [3,4], it seems useful to invest in the development of prevention tools.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the CSS is a novel measure, initial data suggest that the CSS is reliable (Cronbach’s α for individual subscales ranged from 0.86–0.95) and valid [97].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While an initial five-factor structure was proposed, subsequent studies have proposed a six-factor solution [97,98].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As per Taylor et al. (2020), anxiety mainly related to worries about catching the virus and socio‐economic concerns.”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Taylor et al. (2020)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The CSS is a 36-item measure of COVID distress.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Making sense of cronbach’s alpha.
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011) · International Journal of Medical Education · doi:10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd · Cited by 15,126
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424 · Cited by 12,298
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923
A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047358 · Cited by 8,686
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 · Cited by 4,332 · cited 1×
“To date, there has been little empirical attention devoted to this issue; indeed, while several measures of COVID-19-related fears have recently emerged (e.g., Ahorsu et al., 2020) , they tend to be unidimensional (i.e., focused on general fear aspects of and are based on limited psychometric evaluation.”
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 · Cited by 4,307
An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ–4
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70864-3 · Cited by 4,261
The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version.
Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485 · Cited by 2,959
Löwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., Schneider, A., & Brähler, E. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019 · Cited by 2,473
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020
Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258 · Cited by 1,264
“This is in part already achieved by the CSS (Taylor et al., 2020), which assesses anxiety and stress symptoms relating to the coronavirus pandemic across five different factors (see the Introduction).”
InfluentialBakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y · Cited by 812
“On the other hand, the situation in question may be thought to lead to a cycle; decreased positivity may increase fear of COVID-19; increased fear may increase levels of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress (Harper et al. 2020; Satici et al. 2020a; Taylor et al. 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates
Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23071 · Cited by 673
“In a study of a population‐representative sample of 6,854 adults from the United States and Canada, Taylor et al. (2020) reported data on reliability (i.e., internal consistency), validity (i.e., convergent, discriminant), and factor‐analytic stability (i.e., using two independent subsamples of the full sample) of the…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationJungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239 · Cited by 635
“For example, it was assumed that people with pre-existing health anxiety or hypochondriasis would be particularly vulnerable to anxiety and adverse behaviors during pandemics such as COVID-19, but there is little empirical research on this (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020).”
InfluentialAsmundson, G. J. G., Paluszek, M. M., Landry, C. A., Rachor, G. S., McKay, D., & Taylor, S. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102271 · Cited by 451
Self-citationLee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268 · Cited by 392
“Although empirical research into this fear and anxiety about COVID-19 or “coronaphobia,” as Asmundson and Taylor (2020) coined it, is still in the early phases of development, some data suggest that it is playing a prominent role in people’s psychological well-being.”
Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Tanhan, A., Buluş, M., & Allen, K.-A. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00337-6 · Cited by 355
“At the time of writing this manuscript, the COVID Stress Scale (CSM) was developed to measure COVID-19-related distress (Taylor et al. 2020).”
MethodNikčević, A. V., Marino, C., Kolubinski, D. C., Leach, D., & Spada, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.053 · Cited by 344
Taylor, S. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246317 · Cited by 319
“Qualtrics solicited the present sample as part of our ongoing research program [54, 55].”
BackgroundTaylor, S. J., Landry, C. A., Rachor, G. S., Paluszek, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102289 · Cited by 307
Evaluation of health-related quality of life using EQ-5D in China during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ping, W., Zheng, J., Niu, X., Guo, C., Zhang, J., Yang, H., & Shi, Y. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234850 · Cited by 285
“Lastly, the measure on worry of COVID-19 developed by ourselves in our study, but psychological distress instruments on COVID-19 have been developed by Ahorsu and Taylor in the recent study [38,39].”
MethodNikolaidis, A., Paksarian, D., Alexander, L. M., DeRosa, J., Dunn, J. A., Nielson, D. M., Droney, I., Kang, M., Douka, I., Bromet, E. J., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87270-3 · Cited by 292
Gallagher, M. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Long, L. J., Rogers, A. H., & Garey, L. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10143-y · Cited by 262
Yan, L., Gan, Y., Ding, X., Wu, J., & Duan, H. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102328 · Cited by 236
“…Xue, Liu, Yang, & Hall, 2020; Mertens, Gerritsen, Duijndam, Salemink, & Engelhard, 2020), the uncertainty and novelty of the virus (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020) as well as the evidence of possible fatality (Onder, Rezza, & Brusaferro, 2020), and the repeated exposure to media reports of…”
Schnell, T., & Krampe, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.582352 · Cited by 245
“This has also been reported by studies from other countries, such as Bangladesh (13), Canada (10), Iran (1), Israel (3), Italy (76), Turkey (15), and the United States of America (6, 7, 10).”
ResultFactor analysis of the COVID-19 Perceived Risk Scale: A preliminary study
Yıldırım, M., & Güler, A. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1784311 · Cited by 249
“In the lights of previous pandemic like SARS, research highlights that even though the COVID-19 pandemic ends, its long-term psychological impact may still continue in public (Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodTaylor, S. J., Paluszek, M. M., Rachor, G. S., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106754 · Cited by 220
Dye, T., Alcántara, L. V., Siddiqi, S., Barbosu, M., Sharma, S., Panko, T. L., & Pressman, E. K. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046620 · Cited by 231
Gender Differences in Fear and Risk Perception During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Alsharawy, A., Spoon, R., Smith, A., & Ball, S. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689467 · Cited by 206
Ganesan, B., Al-Jumaily, A. A., Fong, K. N. K., Prasad, P., Meena, S. K., & Tong, R. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.565190 · Cited by 223
Facing new fears during the COVID-19 pandemic: The State of America's mental health
Fitzpatrick, K. M., Drawve, G., & Harris, C. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102291 · Cited by 188
“Asmundson and Taylor (2020), in a recent editorial on COVID-19, underscored the importance of identifying particular individual factors to help better understand vulnerability to poor mental health outcomes, as well as susceptibility to uncertainty, elevated fear and stress, and maladaptation to…”
The COVID-19 anxiety syndrome scale: development and psychometric properties.
Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113322 · Cited by 186
“The clinical benefits of being able to identify the COVID-19 anxiety syndrome (avoidance, worry, checking and threat monitoring) may be of use during the current health crisis (Asmundson and Taylor, 2020).”
Worry, avoidance, and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive network analysis
Taylor, S. J., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Rachor, G. S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102327 · Cited by 176
Taylor, S. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-020131 · Cited by 164
Demographic and health factors associated with pandemic anxiety in the context of COVID‐19
McElroy, E., Patalay, P., Moltrecht, B., Shevlin, M. E., Shum, A., Creswell, C., & Waite, P. (2020) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12470 · Cited by 165
Pramukti, I., Strong, C., Sitthimongkol, Y., Setiawan, A., Pandin, M. G. R., Yen, C., Lin, C., Griffiths, M. D., & Ko, N. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24487 · Cited by 171
“Moreover, instruments assessing psychological responses specifically designed in relation to COVID-19 have been developed and validated [9-14].”
Bendau, A., Kunas, S. L., Wyka, S., Petzold, M. B., Plag, J., Asselmann, E., & Ströhle, A. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102377 · Cited by 172
Fear of COVID‐19 Scale (FCV‐19S) across countries: Measurement invariance issues
Lin, C., Hou, W., Mamun, M. A., Silva, J. A. D., Broche‐Pérez, Y., Ullah, I., Masuyama, A., Wakashima, K., Mailliez, M., Carré, A., et al. (2021) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.855 · Cited by 162
“International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1– 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1146 9- 020- 00343 - 8 Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEncouraging COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Through Effective Health Communication
Motta, M., Sylvester, S. M., Callaghan, T., & Trujillo, K. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.630133 · Cited by 175
“Many fear contracting the disease and experiencing negative medical consequences, such as hospitalization or death, particularly for those who are older, have co-morbidities, or work in a profession where COVID-19 exposure risk is higher (Adams and Walls, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 anxiety scale (CAS): Development and psychometric properties
Silva, W. A. D., Brito, T. R. D. S., & Pereira, C. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01195-0 · Cited by 131
Vos, L. M. W., Habibović, M., Nyklíček, I., Smeets, T., & Mertens, G. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113927 · Cited by 152
Boyraz, G., Legros, D. N., & Tigershtrom, A. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102307 · Cited by 142
Zurlo, M. C., Volta, M. F. C. D., & Vallone, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576758 · Cited by 168
Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis
Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M. F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O. C. G., Lagetto, G., Giordano, C., Mazzeschi, C., Pazzagli, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016 · Cited by 143
“…shown to be two relevant risk factors associated with depression, generalized anxiety, hopelessness and suicidal ideation, during the COVID-19 outbreak (Ahorsu et al., 2020; Asmundson and Taylor, 2020; Bakioğlu et al., 2020; Merterns et al., 2020; Rettie and Daniels, 2020; Satici et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCyberchondria in the time of the COVID ‐19 pandemic
Starčević, V., Schimmenti, A., Billieux, J., & Berle, D. (2020) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.233 · Cited by 145
“…not only pertain to one's physical health (i.e., fear of becoming F IGURE 1 Model of cyberchondria during the COVID-19 pandemic infected or dying from the disease (Schimmenti, Billieux, & Starcevic, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020), which is the fear domain with obvious implications for cyberchondria.”
BackgroundElbogen, E. B., Lanier, M., Blakey, S. M., Wagner, H. R., & Tsai, J. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23162 · Cited by 142
Wakashima, K., Asai, K., Kobayashi, D., Koiwa, K., Kamoshida, S., & Sakuraba, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241958 · Cited by 140
MENTAL ILLNESS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION AND HEALTH PROFESSIONALS DURING COVID-19: A SCOPING REVIEW
Moreira, W. C., de Sousa, A. R., & Nóbrega, M. D. P. S. D. S. (2020) · Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2020-0215 · Cited by 181
Factors related to preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors among people with mental illness
Chang, K., Strong, C., Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., & Lin, C. (2020) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.07.032 · Cited by 126
“1016 relationship between fear and behaviors is complex(14) as other evidence has shown that fear may lead to irrational behaviors.(15,17) Because individuals with mental illness usually suffer from poor mood control and cognitive impairment,(39,40) they may have difficulties in practicing preventive behaviors if they…”
BackgroundLaban, G., Kappas, A., Morrison, V., & Cross, E. S. (2024) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-023-01076-z · Cited by 119
Elhai, J. D., McKay, D., Yang, H., Minaya, C., Montag, C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.227 · Cited by 131
“These results may speak to gaming and smartphone use as self-medication for negative emotion among participants during the COVID pandemic, supporting recent findings (Taylor et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundResultWheaton, M. G., Messner, G. R., & Marks, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100605 · Cited by 111
“Similarly, individuals with severe health anxiety may also be especially affected by COVID-19 (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020).”
InfluentialKhosravani, V., Aardema, F., Ardestani, S. M. S., & Bastan, F. S. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100626 · Cited by 112
Sauer, K. S., Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197241 · Cited by 112
“These results are consistent with previously shown associations between health anxiety and COVID-19 related reassurance [13,20,28] and preventive behavior [15,22,23].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSorkin, D. H., Janio, E. A., Eikey, E. V., Schneider, M., Davis, K., Schueller, S. M., Stadnick, N. A., Zheng, K., Neary, M., Safani, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26994 · Cited by 108
“Fourth, there exist a number of scales pertaining to examining the self-reported impact of COVID-19 on mental health [48-51].”
Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., & Aytaç, M. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1824204 · Cited by 114
“…research has indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with a wide range of psychological consequences among people such as fear, depression, anxiety, stress, and death distress (Ahorsu et al., 2020; Arslan, & Yıldırım, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020; Lee, 2020; Yıldırım & G€uler, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialCan COVID-19 related mental health issues be measured?
Ransing, R. S., Ramalho, R., Orsolini, L., Adiukwu, F. N., González-Díaz, J. M., Larnaout, A., da Costa, M. P., Grandinetti, P., Bytyçi, D. G., Shalbafan, M., et al. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.049 · Cited by 105
Vally, Z. (2020) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.002 · Cited by 104
Public Concern About Violence, Firearms, and the COVID-19 Pandemic in California
Kravitz‐Wirtz, N., Aubel, A. J., Schleimer, J. P., Pallin, R., & Wintemute, G. J. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33484 · Cited by 103
Tanhan, A., Yavuz, K. F., Young, J. S., Nalbant, A., Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Ulusoy, S., Genç, E., Uğur, E., & Çiçek, İ. (2020) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/8316 · Cited by 104
Tull, M. T., Barbano, A. C., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Edmonds, K. A., Rose, J. P., & Gratz, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102290 · Cited by 98
“Beyond anxiety in general, the unique features of this pandemic (e.g., long incubation period, variable symptom presentation, elevated morbidity and mortality rates, and lack of pharmacological interventions) may also be particularly likely to increase health anxiety (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020b).”
InfluentialPakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., & Lin, C. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00334-9 · Cited by 101
“The CSS was developed using representative samples from Canada (n = 3479) and the USA (n = 3375; Taylor et al. 2020), whereas the FCV-19S was developed using a sample from Iran (n = 717; Ahorsu et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCOVID Stress Syndrome: Clinical and Nosological Considerations
Taylor, S. J. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01226-y · Cited by 117
Banerjee, D., Vaishnav, M., Rao, T. S., Raju, M., Dalal, P., Javed, A., Saha, G., Mishra, K. K., Kumar, V., & Jagiwala, M. P. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_1002_20 · Cited by 96
“Various assessment scales have also been used to gauge the psychological parameters specific to the COVID-19 pandemic such as the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), Obsession with COVID19 Scale, Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in Italian, Bangla, Russian and English versions, and the COVID Stress Scale which consists o…”
MethodFactors explaining the fear of being infected with COVID‐19
Cerda, A. A., & García, L. Y. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13274 · Cited by 96
Taylor, S. J., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.002 · Cited by 95
“On the other hand, people with excessive anxiety are more likely to engage in socially disruptive behaviors (e.g., panic buying), may engage in excessive avoidance, and may even become housebound for fear of contamination (Asmundson and Taylor, 2020; Taylor, 2019; Taylor and Asmundson, 2020).”
Saúde mental de profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19: recursos de apoio
Ramos, A. M., Tomaschewski-Barlem, J. G., Barlem, E. L. D., Castanheira, J. S., & Toescher, R. L. (2020) · Escola Anna Nery · doi:10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2020-0276 · Cited by 94
Mira, J. J., Carrillo, I., Guilabert, M., Mula, A., Martín-Delgado, J., Pérez‐Jover, V., Vicente, M. A., & Fernández, C. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042555 · Cited by 99
Latent profile analysis of COVID-19 fear, depression, anxiety, stress, mindfulness, and resilience
Yalçın, İ., Can, N., Çalışır, Ö. M., Yalçın, S., & Çolak, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01667-x · Cited by 103
Coronaphobia revisted: A state-of-the-art on pandemic-related fear, anxiety, and stress
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102326 · Cited by 87
“…and reassurance seeking–is associated with panic buying, excessive avoidance of public places, and maladaptive attempts at coping (e.g., over-eating and increased consumption of alcohol and drugs) (Taylor, Landry, Paluszek, Rachor, & Asmundson, 2020; Taylor, Landry, Paluszek, McKay et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationValidation of the Impact of Event Scale With Modifications for COVID-19 (IES-COVID19)
Vanaken, L., Scheveneels, S., Belmans, E., & Hermans, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00738 · Cited by 100
“Several other questionnaires have been developed to measure psychological reactions in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak, for instance the Fear of COVID-19 Scale [FCV-19S: (42)] and the COVID Stress Scales [CSS: (43)].”
BackgroundWarren, A. M., Zolfaghari, K., Fresnedo, M., Bennett, M., Pogue, J. R., Waddimba, A. C., Zvolensky, M. J., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1874505 · Cited by 89
“We followed the data quality standards previously published (Shevlin et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
MethodSchimmenti, A., Starčević, V., Giardina, A., Khazaal, Y., & Billieux, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00748 · Cited by 88
“Even though the MAC-RF is not the first measure that was developed to assess COVID-19-related fears (13, 23), it might have some theoretical and clinical advantages over other dedicated instruments.”
BackgroundStangier, U., Kananian, S., & Schüller, J. S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01456-6 · Cited by 87
“The lack of immunity and vaccines against the virus, its exponential spread and high mortality, and the uncertainties concerning etiology and course, contribute to the perception of a largely uncontrollable and unpredictable threat (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundResultCovid stress predicts depression, anxiety and stress symptoms of Filipino respondents
Montano, R. L. T., & Acebes, K. M. L. (2020) · International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) · doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v9i4.773 · Cited by 92
“Taylor et al. (2020) proposed the people will feel a pandemic related anxiety which he called “COVID Stress”.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChen, X., Zou, Y., & Gao, H. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102532 · Cited by 92
Brown, G., & Greenfield, P. M. (2021) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.246 · Cited by 89
Nguyen, T. M., & Le, G. N. H. (2021) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000295 · Cited by 82
Krampe, H., Danbolt, L. J., Haver, A., Stålsett, G., & Schnell, T. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03418-5 · Cited by 87
Chiu, W., Oh, G., & Cho, H. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1998 · Cited by 83
“, 2021), anxiety (Lee, 2020), and stress (Taylor et al., 2020), to explore their impacts on purchase behavior.”
BackgroundKhosravani, V., Asmundson, G. J. G., Taylor, S. J., Bastan, F. S., & Ardestani, S. M. S. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100615 · Cited by 79
“…with other ADs, putting them at high risk for COVID Stress Syndrome (Asmundson et al., 2020; Khosravani, Ardestani, et al., under revision; Taylor et al., 2020b) and COVID Stress Disorder (i.e., high levels of COVID-related stress combined with functional limitations; Asmundson and Taylor, 2020b).”
BackgroundTakmaz, T., Gündoğmuş, İ., Ökten, S. B., & Gündüz, A. (2021) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.14900 · Cited by 77
“The scale was developed by Taylor et al.24 CSS aims to measure the stress and anxiety symptoms specific to the current outbreak.”
MethodLife in a post-pandemic world: What to expect of anxiety-related conditions and their treatment
Taylor, S. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102231 · Cited by 78
Gündoğan, S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01525-w · Cited by 93
Fernández‐Aranda, F., Munguía, L., Mestre‐Bach, G., Steward, T., Etxandi, M., Baenas, I., Granero, R., Sánchez, I., Ortega, E., Andreu, A., et al. (2020) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2784 · Cited by 74
“, 2020) and the COVID Stress Scales (CSS; (Taylor et al., 2020), including COVID danger and contamination fears, COVID fears about economic consequences, COVID xenophobia, COVID compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and COVID traumatic stress symptoms.”
BackgroundLandi, G., Pakenham, K. I., Crocetti, E., Tossani, E., & Grandi, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.067 · Cited by 74
Mertens, G., Duijndam, S., Smeets, T., & Lodder, P. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102415 · Cited by 78
“…and clinicians have warned that the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to further mental health issues such as anxiety-related disorders, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and post-traumatic stress (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020; Galea et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020; Satici, Saricali, et al., 2020).”
Jaffe, A. E., Graupensperger, S. A., Blayney, J. A., Duckworth, J. C., & Stappenbeck, C. A. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.038 · Cited by 75
“COVID-19-related stress was assessed with the COVID Stress Scales [73].”
Predicting hospitality employees’ safety performance behaviors in the COVID-19 pandemic
Kim, S., Kim, P. B., & Lee, G. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102797 · Cited by 71
COVID-19 Phobia in the United States: Validation of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-SE)
Arpacı, İ., Karataş, K., Балоглу, М., & Haktanır, A. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1848945 · Cited by 75
“Finally, Taylor et al. (2020) developed a 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS) to measure the COVIDrelated anxiety and stress.”
MethodCori, L., Curzio, O., Adorni, F., Prinelli, F., Noale, M., Trevisan, C., Fortunato, L., Giacomelli, A., & Bianchi, F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063248 · Cited by 72
“Fear is in any case a subjective conscious experience linked to numerous psychological and sociological factors [4,15,16].”
BackgroundSocial factors and worry associated with COVID-19: Evidence from a large survey in China
Zhou, M., & Guo, W. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113934 · Cited by 70
“It may cause people to engage in socially disruptive behaviors, including panic buying, mistrusting and blaming others, and misinterpreting minor symptoms as signs of infection and surging unnecessarily into (and thus overwhelming) hospitals and clinics (Asmundson and Taylor, 2020; Taylor, 2019).”
Factors Associated with Psychological Distress and Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sfendla, A., & Hadrya, F. (2020) · Health Security · doi:10.1089/hs.2020.0062 · Cited by 72
“7”
Asquini, G., Bianchi, A. E., Borromeo, G., Locatelli, M., & Falla, D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245999 · Cited by 76
“In our study, we also selected to consider the CSS in relation to the COVID-19 lockdown period (90 days, from March 2020 to the end of May 2020) and not to the last week as reported in the English version [53].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDadaczynski, K., Okan, O., Messer, M., & Rathmann, K. (2021) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daab070 · Cited by 79
“Studies from the USA, Canada and the Philippines found that stress caused by COVID-19 was associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression (Montano and Acebes, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Fear, Resilience, Social Support, Anxiety, and Suicide among College Students in Spain
Rodríguez, J. M., Caravaca-Sánchez, F., & Fernández-Prados, J. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158156 · Cited by 84
“Taylor and colleagues [46] showed five factors of stress and worries relating to COVID-19: (1) danger and fear of infection, (2) fears about economic consequences, (3) xenophobia, (4) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and (5) traumatic stress symptoms.”
BackgroundMeasuring the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: A Scoping Review of the Existing Scales
Chandu, V. C., Marella, Y., Panga, G. S. K., Pachava, S., & Vadapalli, V. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/0253717620946439 · Cited by 67
An Exploration of Work-Life Wellness and Remote Work During and Beyond COVID-19
Como, R., Hambley, L. A., & Domene, J. F. (2021) · The Journal of Macrodynamic Analysis (Memorial University of Newfoundland) · doi:10.82396/cjcd.v20i1.3163 · Cited by 67
Measuring COVID-19-Related Stress Among 4th Through 12th Grade Students
Styck, K. M., Malecki, C. K., Ogg, J. A., & Demaray, M. K. (2021) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2020.1857658 · Cited by 71
“These criteria included parallel analysis, the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI; Tucker & Lewis, 1973), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA; Steiger, 1980).”
MethodFamily medicine practitioners’ stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey
Dutour, M., Kirchhoff, A., Janssen, C., Meleze, S., Chevalier, H., Levy-Amon, S., Détrez, M.-A., Piet, E., & Delory, T. (2021) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-021-01382-3 · Cited by 70
Fear, Stress, and Knowledge regarding COVID-19 in Nursing Students and Recent Graduates in Mexico
Fernández, I. A. M., Carreño-Moreno, S., Chaparro-Díaz, L., Gallegos-Torres, R. M., Fernández, J. A. M., & Martínez, E. K. H. (2021) · Investigación y Educación en Enfermería · doi:10.17533/udea.iee.v39n1e05 · Cited by 79
COVID-19 stress and substance use: Current issues and future preparations
McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102274 · Cited by 68
Does COVID‐19 count?: Defining Criterion A trauma for diagnosing PTSD during a global crisis
Norrholm, S. D., Zalta, A. K., Zoellner, L. A., Powers, A. D., Tull, M. T., Reist, C., Schnurr, P. P., Weathers, F. W., & Friedman, M. J. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23209 · Cited by 64
Relationship between the fear of COVID-19 disease and sleep quality: the mediating role of stress
Siddique, R. F., Ahmed, O., & Hossain, K. N. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07033 · Cited by 64
“Besides the threat to physical health, the current pandemic increases the perceived stress level and subsequent psychological problems, such as, anxiety and depression (Harper et al., 2020; Pakpour and Grif fi ths, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
Thai, T. T., Le, P. T. V., Huynh, Q. N. H., Pham, P. T. T., & Bui, H. H. T. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s317059 · Cited by 66
Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Muskens, L., Hulsbosch, L. P., Deun, K. V., Bergink, V., Pop, V. J. M., & van den Heuvel, M. I. (2021) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-021-01104-9 · Cited by 60
Coco, G. L., Gentile, A., Bosnar, K., Milovanović, I., Bianco, A., Drid, P., & Pišot, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052586 · Cited by 58
“People with an excessive fear of the infectious outbreak are more likely to report greater psychosocial distress, whereas people showing little anxiety are more likely to disregard the physical distancing [20,24].”
BackgroundAssessing the fear of COVID-19 among different populations: A response to Ransing et al. (2020)
Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., Chang, K., Chen, Y., Kuo, Y., & Lin, C. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.006 · Cited by 60
Olapegba, P. O., Chovwen, C., Ayandele, O., & Ramos‐Vera, C. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00557-4 · Cited by 59
Albery, I. P., Spada, M. M., & Nikčević, A. V. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2639 · Cited by 60
“, 2020), stress (Taylor et al., 2020) and an anxiety syndrome characterized by avoidance, checking, worrying and threat monitoring (Nikčevi c & Received: 6 May 2021 Revised: 14 June 2021 Accepted: 14 June 2021”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Regina (CA)
- Baylor University (US)
- Fordham University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Asmundson, Gordon J.G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 102232
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7198206
- OpenAlex
- W3020973746
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 344 · 2020: 123
- FWCI
- 95.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID Stress Scale, COVID-19 pandemic, pandemic stress, anxiety, fear of contamination, economic impact of pandemic, compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, traumatic stress symptoms, scale development, scale validation, mental health screening
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Canada, Fear, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
